[Footnote 14:  Noer, I, 429.  The second invention, however, is
  questioned by Buchwald.]

    (II, 372) because of the so-called “organ cannons” which were
    in use in Europe as early as the 15th century.

The details which I have given will suffice to show what perfection the military and civil administration attained through Akbar’s efforts.  Throughout his empire order and justice reigned and a prosperity hitherto unknown.  Although taxes were never less oppressive in India than under Akbar’s reign, the imperial income for one year amounted to more than $120,000,000, a sum at which contemporary Europe marveled, and which we must consider in the light of the much greater purchasing power of money in the sixteenth century.[15] A large part of Akbar’s income was used in the erection of benevolent institutions, of inns along country roads in which travelers were entertained at the imperial expense, in the support of the poor, in gifts for pilgrims, in granting loans whose payment was never demanded, and many similar ways.  To his encouragement of schools, of literature, art and science I will refer later.

  [Footnote 15:  Noer, I, 439.]

Of decided significance for Akbar’s success was his patronage of the native population.  He did not limit his efforts to lightening the lot of the subjugated Hindus and relieving them of oppressive burdens; his efforts went deeper.  He wished to educate the Mohammedans and Hindus to a feeling of mutual good-will and confidence, and in doing so he was obliged to contend in the one case against haughtiness and inordinate ambition, and in the other against hate and distrustful reserve.  If with this end in view he actually favored the Hindus by keeping certain ones close to him and advancing them to the most influential positions in the state, he did it because he found characteristics in the Hindus (especially in their noblest race, the Rajputs) which seemed to him most valuable for the stability of the empire and for the promotion of the general welfare.  He had seen enough faithlessness in the Mohammedan nobles and in his own relatives.  Besides, Akbar was born in the house of a small Rajput prince who had shown hospitality to Akbar’s parents on their flight and had given them his protection.

The Rajputs are the descendants of the ancient Indian warrior race and are a brave, chivalrous, trustworthy people who possess a love of freedom and pride of race quite different in character from the rest of the Hindus.  Even to-day every traveler in India thinks he has been set down in another world when he treads the ground of Rajputana and sees around him in place of the weak effeminate servile inhabitants of other parts of the country powerful upright men, splendid warlike figures with blazing defiant eyes and long waving beards.

While Akbar valued the Rajputs very highly his own personality was entirely fitted to please these proud manly warriors.  An incident which took place before the end of the first year of Akbar’s reign is characteristic of the relations which existed on the basis of this intrinsic relationship.[16]