G.—­G has two sounds.  It is hard before a, o, u, l, and r, and at the end of a word; as in gay, go, gun, glory; bag, snug.  It is soft before e, i, and y; as in genius, ginger, Egypt.  Exceptions; get, gewgaw, gimlet, and some others.  G is silent before n, as in gnash.

H.—­H has an articulate sound; as in hat, horse, hull.  It is silent after r; as in rhetoric, rhubarb.

I.—­I has a long sound; as in fine; and a short one; as in fin.  Before r it is often sounded like u short; as in first, third; and in other words, like short e; as in birth, virtue.  In some words it has the sound of long e; as in machine, profile.

J.—­J has the sound of soft g; except in hallelujah, in which it is pronounced like y.

K.—­K has the sound of c hard, and is used before e, i, and y, where c would be soft; as kept, skirt, murky.  It is silent before n; as in knife, knell, knocker.

L.—­L has always a soft liquid sound; as in love, billow.  It is often silent; as in half, talk, almond.

M.—­M has always the same sound; as in murmur, monumental; except in comptroller, which is pronounced controller.

N.—­N has two sounds; the one pure; as in man, net, noble; the other a compound sound; as in ankle, banquet, distinct, &c., pronounced angkl, bangkwet. N final is silent when preceded by m; as in hymn, autumn.

O.—­O has a long sound; as in note, over; and a short one; as in not, got.  It has the sound of u short; as in son, attorney, doth, does; and generally in the terminations, op, ot, or, on, om, ol, od, &c.

P.—­P has but one uniform sound; as in pin, slipper; except in cupboard, clapboard, where it has the sound of b.  It is mute in psalm, Ptolemy, tempt, empty, corps, raspberry, and receipt.

Ph has the sound of f in philosophy, Philip; and of v in nephew, Stephen.

Q.—­Q is sounded like k, and is always followed by u pronounced like w; as in quadrant, queen, conquest.

R.—­R has a rough sound; as in Rome, river, rage; and a smooth one; as in bard, card, regard.  In the unaccented termination re, the r is sounded after the e; as in fibre, centre.

S.—­S has a flat sound like z; as in besom, nasal; and, at the beginning of words, a sharp, hissing sound; as in saint, sister, sample.  It has the sound of sh when preceded by the accent and another s or a liquid, and followed by a diphthong or long u; as in expulsion, censure. S sounds like zh when preceded by the accent and a vowel, and followed by a diphthong or long u as in brasier, usual.  It is mute in isle, corps, demesne, viscount.