3.  Against Pacifism:  War and Life as a Duty.

As far as the general future and development of humanity is concerned, and apart from any mere consideration of current politics, Fascism above all does not believe either in the possibility or utility of universal peace.  It therefore rejects the pacifism which masks surrender and cowardice.  War alone brings all human energies to their highest tension and sets a seal of nobility on the peoples who have the virtue to face it.  All other tests are but substitutes which never make a man face himself in the alternative of life or death.  A doctrine which has its starting-point at the prejudicial postulate of peace is therefore extraneous to Fascism.

In the same way all international creations (which, as history demonstrates, can be blown to the winds when sentimental, ideal and practical elements storm the heart of a people) are also extraneous to the spirit of Fascism—­even if such international creations are accepted for whatever utility they may have in any determined political situation.

Fascism also transports this anti-pacifist spirit into the life of individuals.  The proud squadrista motto “me ne frego” ("I don’t give a damn”) scrawled on the bandages of the wounded is an act of philosophy—­not only stoic.  It is a summary of a doctrine not only political:  it is an education in strife and an acceptance of the risks which it carried:  it is a new style of Italian life.  It is thus that the Fascist loves and accepts life, ignores and disdains suicide; understands life as a duty, a lifting up, a conquest; something to be filled in and sustained on a high plane; a thing that has to be lived through for its own sake, but above all for the sake of others near and far, present and future.

4.  The Demographic Policy and the “Neighbour.”

The “demographic” policy of the regime is the result of these premises.  The Fascist also loves his neighbour, but “neighbour” is not for him a vague and undefinable word:  love for his neighbour does not prevent necessary educational severities.  Fascism rejects professions of universal affection and, though living in the community of civilised peoples, it watches them and looks at them diffidently.  It follows them in their state of mind and in the transformation of their interests, but it does not allow itself to be deceived by fallacious and mutable appearances.

5.  Against Historical Materialism and Class-Struggle.

Through this conception of life Fascism becomes the emphatic negation of that doctrine which constituted the basis of the so-called scientific Socialism or Marxism:  the doctrine of historical materialism, according to which the story of human civilisation is to be explained only by the conflict of interests between the various social groups and by the change of the means and instruments of production.

That the economic vicissitudes—­discovery of prime or raw materials, new methods of labour, scientific inventions—­have their particular importance, is denied by none, but that they suffice to explain human history, excluding other factors from it, is absurd:  Fascism still believes in sanctity and in heroism, that is to say in acts in which no economic motive, immediate or remote, operates.