Church, though not as such:  the church guides may admonish, excommunicate, &c., the officers of the state as members of the Church, and the officers of the state may punish the officers of the Church as the members of the state. 4.  Those that are not sent of the magistrate as his deputies, they are not subordinate in their mission to his power, but the ministers are not sent as the magistrate’s deputies, but are set over the flock by the Holy Ghost, Acts xx. 28:  they are likewise the ministry of Christ, 1 Cor. iv. 1, 2:  they are over you in the Lord, 1 Thess. v. 12:  and in his name they exercise their jurisdiction, 1 Cor. v. 4, 5. 5.  If the last appeal in matters purely ecclesiastical be not to the civil power, then there is no subordination; but the last appeal properly so taken is not to the magistrate.  This appears from these considerations:  1.  Nothing is appealable to the magistrate but what is under the power of the sword; but admonition, excommunication, &c., are not under the power of the sword:  they are neither matters of dominion nor coercion. 2.  If it were so, then it follows that the having of the sword gives a man a power to the keys. 3.  Then it follows that the officers of the kingdom of heaven are to be judged as such by the officers of the kingdom of this world as such, and then there is no difference between the things of Caesar and the things of God. 4.  The church of Antioch sent to Jerusalem, Acts xv. 2, and the synod there, without the magistrate, came together, ver. 6; and determined the controversy, ver. 28, 29.  And we read, “The spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets,” 1 Cor. xiv. 32; not to the civil power as prophets.  So we must seek knowledge at the priest’s lips, not at the civil magistrate’s, Mal. ii. 7.  And we read, that the people came to the priests in hard controversies, but never that the priests went to the civil power, Deut. xvii. 8-10. 5.  It makes the magistrate Christ’s vicar, and so Christ to have a visible head on earth, and so to be an ecclesiastico-civil pope, and consequently there should be as many visible heads of Christ’s Church as there are magistrates. 6.  These powers are both immediate; one from God the Father, as Creator, Rom. xiii. 1, 2; the other from Jesus Christ, as Mediator, Matt. xxviii. 18.  Now lay all these together, and there cannot be a subordination of powers; and therefore there must be a real distinction.

3d.  From the different causes of these two powers, viz. efficient, material, formal, and final; in all which they are truly distinguished from one another, as may plainly appear by this ensuing parallel: