[Footnote 1207:  For text of Lincoln’s pardon see Trevelyan, Bright, p. 296.  Lincoln gave the pardon “especially as a public mark of the esteem held by the United States of America for the high character and steady friendship of the said John Bright....”  The names of leading friends of the South have been given in Chapter XV.]

[Footnote 1208:  This was a commonplace of American writing at the time and long after.  A Rev. C.B.  Boynton published a book devoted to the thesis that England and France had united in a “policy” of repressing the development of America and Russia (English and French Neutrality and the Anglo-French Alliance in their relations to the United States and Russia, Cincinnati, C.F.  Vest & Co., 1864).  Boynton wrote:  “You have not come to the bottom of the conduct of Great Britain, until you have touched that delicate and real foundation cause—­we are too large and strong a nation” (Preface, p. 3).  The work has no historical importance except that it was thought worth publication in 1864.]

[Footnote 1209:  Lyons Papers.  July 16, 1864.  Copy.]

[Footnote 1210:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell, Aug. 23, 1864.]

[Footnote 1211:  June 3, 1864.]

[Footnote 1212:  The Times, August 4, 1864.  Letters dated June 27 and July 5, 1864.]

[Footnote 1213:  A Cycle of Adams’ Letters, II, p. 126.  Henry Adams to his brother, May 13, 1864.  “The current is dead against us, and the atmosphere so uncongenial that the idea of the possibility of our success is not admitted.”]

[Footnote 1214:  Ibid., p. 136.  Henry Adams to his brother, June 3, 1864.]

[Footnote 1215:  The Index, Feb. 19, 1863, p. 265.]

[Footnote 1216:  This was written immediately after the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, but the tone complained of was much more marked in 1864.]

[Footnote 1217:  The Times average of editorials on the Civil War ran two in every three days until May, 1864, and thereafter one in every three days.]

[Footnote 1218:  Russell wrote to John Bigelow, March 8, 1865:  “You know, perhaps, that, as I from the first maintained the North must win, I was tabooed from dealing with American questions in the Times even after my return to England, but en revanche I have had my say in the Army and Navy Gazette, which I have bought, every week, and if one could be weak and wicked enough to seek for a morbid gratification amid such ruins and blood, I might be proud of the persistence with which I maintained my opinions against adverse and unanimous sentiment” (Bigelow, Retrospections, Vol.  II, p. 361).  Also on June 5, 1865, Russell wrote in his diary:  “...had the Times followed my advice, how different our position would be—­not only that of the leading journal, but of England.  If ever I did State service, it was in my letters from America.” (Atkins, Life of W.H.  Russell,