and in any case attained at the cost of the artificial production of other evils.  In France, where the system of the registration and control of prostitutes has been established for over a century,[158] and where consequently its advantages, if such there are, should be clearly realized, it meets with almost impassioned opposition from able men belonging to every section of the community.  In Germany the opposition to regularized control has long been led by well-equipped experts, headed by Blaschko of Berlin.  Precisely the same conclusions are being reached in America.  Gottheil, of New York, finds that the municipal control of prostitution is “neither successful nor desirable.”  Heidingsfeld concludes that the regulation and control system in force in Cincinnati has done little good and much harm; under the system among the private patients in his own clinic the proportion of cases of both syphilis and gonorrhoea has increased; “suppression of prostitutes is impossible and control is impracticable."[159]

It is in Germany that the attempt to regulate prostitution still remains most persistent, with results that in Germany itself are regarded as unfortunate.  Thus the German law inflicts a penalty on householders who permit illegitimate sexual intercourse in their houses.  This is meant to strike the unlicensed prostitute, but it really encourages prostitution, for a decent youth and girl who decide to form a relationship which later may develop into marriage, and which is not illegal (for extra-marital sexual intercourse per se is not in Germany, as it is by the antiquated laws of several American States, a punishable offense), are subjected to so much trouble and annoyance by the suspicious police that it is much easier for the girl to become a prostitute and put herself under the protection of the police.  The law was largely directed against those who live on the profits of prostitution.  But in practice it works out differently.  The prostitute simply has to pay extravagantly high rents, so that her landlord really lives on the fruits of her trade, while she has to carry on her business with increased activity and on a larger scale in order to cover her heavy expenses (P.  Hausmeister, “Zur Analyse der Prostitution,” Geschlecht und Gesellschaft, vol. ii, 1907, p. 294).

In Italy, opinion on this matter is much divided.  The regulation of prostitution has been successively adopted, abandoned, and readopted.  In Switzerland, the land of governmental experiments, various plans are tried in different cantons.  In some there is no attempt to interfere with prostitution, except under special circumstances; in others all prostitution, and even fornication generally, is punishable; in Geneva only native prostitutes are permitted to practice; in Zurich, since 1897, prostitution is prohibited, but care is taken to put no difficulties in the path of free sexual relationships which are not for gain.  With these different regulations,