with a complete unconsciousness of what result it will produce in the victim.  She is astonished when she sees the result and will hardly believe she has done it.”  It is unnecessary to accumulate evidence of a tendency which is sufficiently common to be fairly well known, but one or two quotations may be presented to show its wide distribution.  In the Kama Sutra we read:  “If she is very exalted, and if in the exaltation of her passionate transports she begins a sort of combat, then she takes her lover by the hair, draws his head to hers, kisses his lower lip, and then in her delirium bites him all over his body, shutting her eyes”; it is added that with the marks of such bites lovers can remind each other of their affections, and that such love will last for ages.  In Japan the maiden of Ainu race feels the same impulse.  A.H.  Savage Landor (Alone with the Hairy Ainu, 1893, p. 140) says of an Ainu girl:  “Loving and biting went together with her.  She could not do the one without the other.  As we sat on a stone in the twilight she began by gently biting my fingers without hurting me, as affectionate dogs do to their masters.  She then bit my arm, then my shoulder, and when she had worked herself up into a passion she put her arms around my neck and bit my cheeks.  It was undoubtedly a curious way of making love, and, when I had been bitten all over, and was pretty tired of the new sensation, we retired to our respective homes.  Kissing, apparently, was an unknown art to her.”

The significance of biting, and the close relationship which, as will have to be pointed out later, it reveals to other phenomena, may be illustrated by some observations which have been made by Alonzi on the peasant women of Sicily.  “The women of the people,” he remarks, “especially in the districts where crimes of blood are prevalent, give vent to their affection for their little ones by kissing and sucking them on the neck and arms till they make them cry convulsively; all the while they say:  ’How sweet you are!  I will bite you, I will gnaw you all over,’ exhibiting every appearance of great pleasure.  If a child commits some slight fault they do not resort to simple blows, but pursue it through the street and bite it on the face, ears, and arms until the blood flows.  At such moments the face of even a beautiful woman is transformed, with injected eyes, gnashing teeth, and convulsive tremors.  Among both men and women a very common threat is ‘I will drink your blood.’  It is told on ocular evidence that a man who had murdered another in a quarrel licked the hot blood from the victim’s hand.” (G.  Alonzi, Archivio di Psichiatria, vol. vi, fasc. 4.) A few years ago a nurse girl in New York was sentenced to prison for cruelty to the baby in her charge.  The mother had frequently noticed that the child was in pain and at last discovered the marks of teeth on its legs.  The girl admitted that she had bitten the child because that action gave her