E

Egyptian ancient commerce, 13. 82. 106. 
  Ships, 17. 
English commerce in 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, 314. 390. 397, 398.
401. 4O4. 407. 410. 412.
——­ shipping, 409. 
England, commerce and shipping in 1822. 520. 
English and Dutch commerce in 16th and 17th centuries compared, 410. 
Eratosthenes, 88. 
Etruscans, commerce, 112. 
Ethiopia explored by Romans, 825. 
Euxine, ancient commerce, 251. 
Europe, general view of its trade in 15th century, 314. 
  At present, 512.

F

Fairs, ancient, 150. 
France, commerce in middle ages, 304. 
  In 16th and 17th centuries, 417. 
  At present, 516. 
Florence, commerce in middle ages, 304.

G

Gaul, commerce of, 186. 
Genoa, commerce in middle ages, 302. 
Gama’s Voyages, 339. 
Germany, ancient commerce, 195. 
  At present, 515. 
Greenland discovered, 291. 
Grecian ancient commerce, geography, and ships, 20. 30. 144.
——­ Colonies, 157.

H

Hamilcar’s Voyage, 41. 
Hannos, 41. 
Hanseatic League, 294. 
Henry, Prince of Portugal, 334. 
Herodotus, 45. 
Hipparchus, 101. 
Hudson’s Voyages, 359.

I and J

Iceland discovered, 290. 
Jews, commerce of, 18. 
India, as known to Alexander, 60. 
  Direct ancient trade with, 105. 
  Ancient routes to, 210. 
  Trade in time of Nero, 243. 
  And China, ancient trade between, 271. 
  In middle ages, 279. 
Indian commodities, price of,
  affected by discovery of the Cape, 370. 
  Trade at present, 522. 
Inland trade in middle ages, 311. 
  In 16th and 17th centuries, 416. 
Itineraries, Roman, 253. 
Italian commerce in middle ages, 299. 
Justinian’s Fleets, 273.

K

Kotzebue’s discoveries, 434.

L

Liburnians, 115. 
Laconia, ancient commerce, 154. 
La Maire, 356. 
La Perouse, 433. 
Lyons, ancient commerce, 189.

M

Macedonia, ancient commerce, 161. 
Marseilles, ditto, 187. 
Marinus, the Geographer, 254. 
Marco Polo, 318. 
Mariners’ Compass, earliest notice of, 328. 
Maps and Charts of middle ages, 329. 
  In 16th and 17th centuries, 367. 
Magellan, 352. 
Mauro’s Map, 330. 
Mercator, 366. 
Monsoon discovered, 227.

N

Navigation, improvements in, in 18th century, 497. 
Nearchus, 61. 
New South Shetland discovered, 456. 
New Holland, 363. 468. 
Netherland commerce in 16th century, 374. 
North-west passage, 358. 438. 
North-east passage, 361.