forming colonies in the immediate vicinity of their dominions:  their union, however, with the king of Persia, when he first fixed his ambition on Greece, was rewarded by a great accession of territory, which enabled them to contest the possession of the sea-coasts with the most powerful of the Greek republics.  They then extended their territories to the Eastern Sea, but there were till the reign of Philip, the father of Alexander, several nations between them and the Adriatic, all of which were subdued by him; and thus this sea became their western boundary.

Some of the most celebrated cities of Macedonia were founded by foreign nations.  Epidamnus, which was seated at the entrance of the Ionian Gulf, was a colony of the Corcyrians:  it was the occasion of a fierce naval war between them and the Corinthians, generally called the Corinthian war.  Apollonia, distant seven miles from the sea, on the river Laus, was a Corinthian colony:  it was renowned for its excellent laws.  On another part of the coast of the Adriatic were the sea-ports of Elyma and Bullis.  The district of Paraxis, which was full of gulfs and inlets formed by the Egean Sea, had several ports, but none of any repute.  From this description of Macedonia and its principal sea coasts and ports, it is evident that it possessed many advantages for commerce and naval affairs, which, however, were never embraced till the period when the Romans first turned their thoughts to Greece.  Had its sovereigns been disposed to engage in commerce, the Adriatic, with its extensive and safe haven of Epidamnus, in which there were several ports, would have opened the trade to Italy; the Egean Sea, still more advantageous, would have secured the trade of Greece and Asia, by means of its spacious bays, one of which, the Sinus Thermaeus, was at least sixty miles long.

The produce of Macedonia also would have favoured its commerce; the soil was every where fruitful, and, especially near the sea, abounding in corn, wine, and oil:  its principal riches, however, consisted in its mines of almost all kinds of metals, but particularly of gold.  In the district of Pieria, it is said, there were found large quantities of this metal in the sand, sometimes in lumps of considerable size:  but by far the most productive and valuable mines of gold were in the mountain Pangaeus, in a district which Philip, the father of Alexander, added to Macedonia.  The people who inhabited the country near the river Strymon derived great wealth from these mines, and it was the knowledge of this, as much as the facility of obtaining timber, which induced the Athenians to found their colony near this river.  The Thracians drove the Athenians from this part of Macedonia, and Philip expelled them:  he paid great attention to the working of the mines; and by employing persons well skilled in this and in refining the ore, he rendered them so extremely valuable, that, according to ancient authors, he obtained the empire of Greece principally by means of the immense sums he drew from them, amounting annually, according to Diodorus, to 1000 talents of gold.  When the Romans reduced Macedonia, they expressly forbade the inhabitants from working the mines of gold or silver, or refining either of those metals; permitting them, however, to manufacture any other metal.