Tiger.—­The tiger is associated with Siva and Durga, but its cult is confined to the wilder tribes; in Nepal the tiger festival is known as Bagh Jatra, and the worshippers dance disguised as tigers.  The Waralis worship Waghia the lord of tigers in the form of a shapeless stone.  In Hanoi and Manchuria tiger-gods are also found.

Wolf.—­Both Zeus and Apollo were associated with the wolf by the Greeks; but it is not clear that this implies a previous cult of the wolf.  It is frequently found among the tutelary deities of North American dancing or secret societies.  The Thlinkits had a god, Khanukh, whose name means “wolf,” and worshipped a wolf-headed image.

AUTHORITIES.—­For a fuller discussion and full references to these and other cults, that of the serpent excepted, see N.W.  Thomas in Hastings’ Dictionary of Religions; Frazer, Golden Bough; Campbell’s Spirit Basis of Belief and Custom; Maclennan’s Studies (series 2); V. Gennep, Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar.  For the serpent, see Ellis, Ewe-speaking Peoples, p. 54; Internat.  Archiv, xvii. 113; Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii. 239; Fergusson, Tree and Serpent Worship; Maehly,_Die Schlange im Mythus_; Staniland Wake, Serpent Worship, &c.; 16th Annual Report of the American Bureau of Ethnology, p. 273, and bibliography, p. 312.  For the bull, &c., in Egypt, see EGYPT:  Religion.

(N.W.T.)

ANIME, an oleo-resin (said to be so called because in its natural state it is infested with insects) which is exuded from the locust tree, Hymenaea coumaril, and other species of Hymenaea growing in tropical South America.  It is of a pale brown colour, transparent, brittle, and in consequence of its agreeable odour is used for fumigation and in perfumery.  Its specific gravity varies from 1.054 to 1.057.  It melts readily over the fire, and softens even with the heat of the mouth; it is insoluble in water, and nearly so in cold alcohol.  It is allied to copal in its nature and appearance, and is much used by varnish-makers.  The name is also given to Zanzibar copal (q.v.).

[v.02 p.0053]

ANIMISM (from animus, or anima, mind or soul), according to the definition of Dr. E.B.  Tylor, the doctrine of spiritual beings, including human souls; in practice, however, the term is often extended to include panthelism or animatism, the doctrine that a great part, if not the whole, of the inanimate kingdom, as well as all animated beings, are endowed with reason, intelligence and volition, identical with that of man.  This latter theory, which in many cases is equivalent to personification, though it may be, like animism, a feature of the philosophy of peoples of low culture, should not be confused with it.  But it is difficult in practice to distinguish the two phases of thought and no clear account of animatism can yet be given, largely on the ground