In the province of Moscow, for instance, one Commune sent a deputation to the proprietor to inform him that, as he had always been a good master, the Mir would allow him to retain his house and garden during his lifetime.  In another locality it was rumoured that the Tsar sat daily on a golden throne in the Crimea, receiving all peasants who came to him, and giving them as much land as they desired; and in order to take advantage of the Imperial liberality a large body of peasants set out for the place indicated, and had to be stopped by the military.

As an illustration of the illusions in which the peasantry indulged at this time, I may mention here one of the many characteristic incidents related to me by gentlemen who had served as Arbiters of the Peace.

In the province of Riazan there was one Commune which had acquired a certain local notoriety for the obstinacy with which it refused all arrangements with the proprietor.  My informant, who was Arbiter for the locality, was at last obliged to make a statute-charter for it without its consent.  He wished, however, that the peasants should voluntarily accept the arrangement he proposed, and accordingly called them together to talk with them on the subject.  After explaining fully the part of the law which related to their case, he asked them what objection they had to make a fair contract with their old master.  For some time he received no answer, but gradually by questioning individuals he discovered the cause of their obstinacy:  they were firmly convinced that not only the Communal land, but also the rest of the estate, belonged to them.  To eradicate this false idea he set himself to reason with them, and the following characteristic dialogue ensued:—­Arbiter:  “If the Tsar gave all the land to the peasantry, what compensation could he give to the proprietors to whom the land belongs?”

Peasant:  “The Tsar will give them salaries according to their service.”

Arbiter:  “In order to pay these salaries he would require a great deal more money.  Where could he get that money?  He would have to increase the taxes, and in that way you would have to pay all the same.”

Peasant:  “The Tsar can make as much money as he likes.”

Arbiter:  “If the Tsar can make as much money as he likes, why does he make you pay the poll-tax every year?”

Peasant:  “It is not the Tsar that receives the taxes we pay.”

Arbiter:  “Who, then, receives them?”

Peasant (after a little hesitation, and with a knowing smite):  “The officials, of course!”

Gradually, through the efforts of the Arbiters, the peasants came to know better their real position, and the work began to advance more rapidly.  But soon it was checked by another influence.  By the end of the first year the “liberal,” patriotic enthusiasm of the nobles had cooled.  The sentimental, idyllic tendencies had melted away at the first touch of reality, and those who had imagined that liberty