Gospels, with additions from some apocryphal work; that along with our Gospels Justin used apocryphal Gospels; that he made use of our Gospels, preferring, however, to rely chiefly on an apocryphal one.  Results so diverse show how dubious must be the value of the witness of Justin Martyr.  Competent critics almost universally admit that Justin had no idea of ranking the “Memoirs of the Apostles” among canonical writings.  The word translated “Memoirs” would be more correctly rendered “Recollections,” or “Memorabilia,” and none of these three terms is an appropriate title for works ranking as canonical Gospels.  Great numbers of spurious writings, under the names of apostles, were current in the early Church, and Justin names no authors for the “Recollections” he quotes from, only saying that they were composed “by his Apostles and their followers,” clearly indicating that he was using some collective recollections of the Apostles and those who followed them.  The word “Gospels,” in the plural, is only once applied to these “Recollections;” “For the Apostles, in the ‘Memoirs’ composed by them, which are called Gospels.”  “The last expression [Greek:  kaleitai euaggelai], as many scholars have declared, is a manifest interpolation.  It is, in all probability, a gloss on the margin of some old MS. which some copyist afterwards inserted in the text.  If Justin really stated that the ‘Memoirs’ were called Gospels, it seems incomprehensible that he should never call them so himself.  In no other place in his writings does he apply the plural to them, but, on the contrary, we find Trypho referring to the ‘so-called Gospel,’ which he states that he had carefully read, and which, of course, can only be Justin’s ‘Memoirs,’ and again, in another part of the same dialogue, Justin quotes passages which are written ‘in the Gospel.’  The term ‘Gospel’ is nowhere else used by Justin in reference to a written record.”  The public reading of the Recollections, mentioned by Justin, proves nothing, since many works, now acknowledged as spurious, were thus read (see ante, pp. 248, 249).  Justin does not regard the Recollections as inspired, attributing inspiration only to prophetic writings, and he accepts them as authentic solely because the events they narrate are prophesied of in the Old Testament.  The omission of any author’s name is remarkable, since, in quoting from the Old Testament, he constantly refers to the author by name, or to the book used; but in the very numerous quotations, supposed to be from the Gospels, he never does this, save in one single instance, mentioned below, when he quotes Peter.  On the theory that he had our four Gospels before him, this is the more singular, since he would naturally have distinguished one from the other.  The only writing in the New Testament referred to by name is the Apocalypse, by “a certain man whose name was John, one of the apostles of Christ,” and it is impossible that John should be thus mentioned, if Justin had already been quoting from a Gospel bearing