“Well, that’s true,” remarked Vassily Ivanovitsch.

“And besides,” continued Ivan Vassilievitsch, “in what country can you find such a strongly-marked and instinctive notion of his duties, such readiness to assist his fellow-creatures, such cheerfulness, such benignity, so much gentleness and strength combined.”

“A splendid fellow the Russian peasant—­a splendid fellow indeed;” interrupted Vassily Ivanovitsch.

“And, nevertheless, we disdain him, we look at him with contempt; nay, more, instead of making any effort to cultivate his mind, we try to spoil it by every possible means.”

“How so?”

“By the loathsome establishment we have—­our household serfs.  Our house serf is the first step toward the tchinovnik.  He goes without a beard and wears a coat of a western cut; he is an idler, a debauchee, a drunkard, a thief, and yet he assumes airs of consequence before the peasant, whom he disdains, and from whose labor he draws his own subsistence and his poll-tax.  After some time more or less, according to circumstances, the household serf becomes a clerk; he gets his liberty and a place as writer in some district court; as a writer in the government’s service he disdains, in addition to the peasant, his late comrades in the household; he learns to cavil in business, and begins to take email bribes in poultry, eggs, corn, &c.; he studies roguery systematically, and goes one step lower; he becomes a secretary and a genuine tchinovnik.  Then his sphere is enlarged; he gets a new existence:  he disdains the peasant, the house serf, the clerk, and the writer, because, he says, they are all uncivilized people.  His wants are now greater, and you cannot bribe him except with bank notes.  Does he not take wine now at his meals?  Does he not patronize a little pharo?  Is he not obliged to present his lady with a costly cap or a silk gown?  He fills up his place, and without the least remorse—­like a tradesman behind his counter—­he sells his influence as if it were merchandise.  It happens now and then that he is caught.  ‘Served him right,’ say his comrades then; ’take bribes, but take them prudently, so as not to be caught.’”

“But they are not all as you describe them,” remarked Vassily Ivanovitsch.

“Certainly not.  Exceptions, however, do not alter the rule.”

“And yet the officers in the government service with us are for the most part elected by the nobility and gentry.”

“That is just where the great evil lies,” continued Ivan Vassilievitsch.  “What in other countries is an object of public competition, is with us left to ourselves.  What right have we to complain against our government, who has left it in our discretion to elect officers to regulate our internal affairs?  Is it not our own fault that, instead of paying due attention to a subject of so much importance, we make game of it?  We have in every province many a civilized man, who backed