SUMMARY.—­B. 1737, ed. Westminster and Oxf., became Romanist and sent to Lausanne 1753, where he returned to Protestantism, pub. Essay on Study of Literature 1761, visited Rome 1764 and resolved to write his Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, began to write it 1772, pub. 1776-87, d. 1794.

Decline and Fall (Sir W. Smith, 8 vols., 1854-55), another (J.B.  Bury, 7 vols., 1896-1900). Autobiography (Lord Sheffield, 1796), often reprinted.

GIFFORD, RICHARD (1725-1807).—­Poet, was ed. at Oxford and took orders.  He was the author of a poem, Contemplation.  He also wrote theological and controversial works.

GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826).—­Critic and poet, was b. of humble parentage at Ashburton, Devonshire, and after being for a short time at sea, was apprenticed to a cobbler.  Having, however, shown signs of superior ability, and a desire for learning, he was befriended and ed., ultimately at Oxf., where he grad. Becoming known to Lord Grosvenor, he was patronised by him, and in course of time produced his first poem, The Baviad (1794), a satire directed against the Delia Cruscans, a clique of very small and sentimental poets, which at once quenched their little tapers.  This was followed by another satire, The Maeviad, against some minor dramatists.  His last effort in this line was his Epistle to Peter Pindar (Dr. Walcot), inspired by personal enmity, which evoked a reply, A Cut at a Cobbler.  These writings had established the reputation of G. as a keen, and even ferocious critic, and he was appointed in 1797 ed. of the Anti-Jacobin, which Canning and his friends had just started, and of the Quarterly Review (1809-24).  He also brought out ed. of Massinger, Ben Jonson, and Ford.  As a critic he had acuteness; but he was one-sided, prejudiced, and savagely bitter, and much more influenced in his judgments by the political opinions than by the literary merits of his victims.  In his whole career, however, he displayed independence and spirit in overcoming the disadvantages of his early life, as well as gratitude to those who had served him.  He held various appointments which placed him above financial anxiety.

GILDAS (516?-570?).—­British historian, was a monk who is believed to have gone to Brittany about 550, and founded a monastery.  He wrote a history, De Excidio Britanniae (concerning the overthrow of Britain).  It consists of two parts, the first from the Roman invasion until the end of the 4th century, and the second a continuation to the writer’s own time.  It is obscure and wordy, and not of much value.

GILDER, RICHARD WATSON (1844-1909).—­Poet, b. at Borderstown, New Jersey, was successively a lawyer, a soldier, and a journalist, in which last capacity he ed. Scribner’s (afterwards the Century) Magazine.  He holds a high place among American poets as the author of The New Day (1875), The Celestial Passion, The Great Remembrance, Five Books of Song (1894), In Palestine (1898), In the Heights (1905), A Book of Music (collection) (1906), etc.