10.  Yet the earnest and true development in Jewish thinking was found among the Pharisees.  The early hope of Israel was almost exclusively national.  In the later books of the Old Testament, in connection with an enlarged sense of the importance of the individual, the doctrine of a personal resurrection to share the blessings of the Messiah’s kingdom began to appear.  It had its clear development and definite adoption as part of the faith of Judaism, however, under the influence of the Pharisees.  Along with this increased emphasis on the worth of the individual came a large development of the doctrine of angels and spirits.  Towards both of these doctrines the Sadducees took a reactionary position.  Politically the Pharisees were theocratic in theory, but opportunists in practice, accommodating themselves to the existing state of things so long as the de facto government did not interfere with the religious life of the people.  They looked for a kingdom in which God should be evidently the king of his people; but they believed that his sovereignty was to be realized through the law, hence their sole interest was in the obedience of God’s people to that law as interpreted by the traditions.

11.  The theocratic spirit was more aggressive in a party which originated in the later years of Herod the Great, and found a reckless leader in Judas of Galilee, who started a revolt when the governor of Syria undertook to make a census of the Jews after the deposition of Archelaus.  This party bore the name Cananeans or Zealots.  They regarded with passionate resentment the subjection of God’s people to a foreign power, and waited eagerly for an opportune time to take the sword and set up the kingdom of God; it was with them that the final war against Rome began.  They were found in largest numbers in Galilee, where the scholasticism of the scribes was not so dominating an influence as in Judea.  Dr. Edersheim has called them the nationalist party.  In matters belonging strictly to the religious life they followed the Pharisees, only holding a more material conception of the hope of Israel.

12.  Another development in Jewish religious life carried separatist doctrines to the extreme.  Its representatives were called Essenes, though what the significance of the name was is no longer clear.  Although they were allied with the Pharisees in doctrine, they show in some particulars the influence of Hellenistic Judaism.  This is suggested not only by the attention which Philo and Josephus give to them, but also by certain of their views, which were very like the doctrines of the Pythagoreans.  They carried the pharisaic demand for separateness to the extreme of asceticism.  While they were found in nearly every town in Palestine, some of them even practising marriage, the largest group of them lived a celibate, monastic life near the shores of the Dead Sea.  This community was recruited by the initiation of converts, who only after