the slave gave the work.  All through human society, men who represent simple ignorance will be tools, and the men who represent intelligence will be the master mechanics, the capitalists.  All society to-day is agitated with this question of justice as between the laborer and the thinker.  Now, it is no use to kick against the pricks.  A man who can only work and not think is not the equal in any regard of the man who can think, who can plan, who can combine, and who can live not for to-day alone, but for to-morrow, for next month, for the next year, for ten years.  This is the man whose volume will just as surely weigh down that of the unthinking man as a ton will weigh down a pound in the scale.  Avoirdupois is moral, industrial, as well as material, in this respect; and the primary, most usual cause of unprosperity in industrial callings therefore lies in the want of intelligence,—­either in the slender endowment of the man, or more likely the want of education in his ordinary and average endowment.  Any class of men who live for to-day, and do not care whether they know anything more than they did yesterday or last year—­those men may have a temporary and transient prosperity, but they are the children of poverty just as surely as the decrees of God stand.  Ignorance enslaves men among men; knowledge is the creator of liberty and wealth.

As with undeveloped intelligence, so the appetites of men and their passions are causes of poverty.  Men who live from the basilar faculties will invariably live in inferior stations.  The men who represent animalism are as a general fact at the bottom.  They may say it is government, climate, soil, want of capital, they may say what they please, but it is the devil of laziness that is in them, or of passion, that comes out in eating, in gluttony, in drinking and drunkenness, in wastefulness on every side.  I do not say that the laboring classes in modern society are poor because they are self-indulgent, but I say that it unquestionably would be wise for all men who feel irritated that they are so unprosperous, if they would take heed to the moral condition in which they are living, to self-denial in their passions and appetites, and to increasing the amount of their knowledge and fidelity.  Although moral conditions are not the sole causes, they are principal causes, of the poverty of the working classes throughout the world.  It is their misfortune as well as their fault; but it is the reason why they do not rise.  Weakness does not rise; strength does.

All these causes indicate that the poor need moral and intellectual culture.  “I was sent to preach the gospel to the poor:”  not to distribute provisions, not to relieve their wants; that will be included, but that was not Christ’s primary idea.  It was not to bring in a golden period of fruitfulness when men would not be required to work.  It was not that men should lie down on their backs under the trees, and that the boughs should bend over and drop the ripe fruit into their