Huxley had always advocated that the age of sixty was the time for “official death,” and had looked forward to a peaceful “Indian summer.”  With this object in mind and troubled by increasing ill-health, he began in 1885 to give up his work.  But to live even in comparative idleness, after so many years of activity, was difficult.  “I am sure,” he says, “that the habit of incessant work into which we all drift is as bad in its way as dram-drinking.  In time you cannot be comfortable without stimulus.”  But continued bodily weakness told upon him to the extent that all work became distasteful.  An utter weariness with frequent spells of the blues took possession of him; and the story of his life for some years is the story of the long pursuit of health in England, Switzerland, and especially in Italy.

Although Huxley was wretchedly ill during this period, he wrote letters which are good to read for their humor and for their pictures of foreign cities.  Rome he writes of as an idle, afternoony sort of place from which it is difficult to depart.  He worked as eagerly over the historic remains in Rome as he would over a collection of geological specimens.  “I begin to understand Old Rome pretty well and I am quite learned in the Catacombs, which suit me, as a kind of Christian fossils out of which one can reconstruct the body of the primitive Church.”  Florence, for a man with a conscience and ill-health, had too many picture galleries.  “They are a sore burden to the conscience if you don’t go to see them, and an awful trial to the back and legs if you do,” he complained.  He found Florence, nevertheless, a lovely place and full of most interesting things to see and do.  His letters with reference to himself also are vigorously and entertainingly expressed.  He writes in a characteristic way of his growing difficulty with his hearing.  “It irritates me not to hear; it irritates me still more to be spoken to as if I were deaf, and the absurdity of being irritated on the last ground irritates me still more.”  And again he writes in a more hopeful strain, “With fresh air and exercise and careful avoidance of cold and night air I am to be all right again.”  He then adds:  “I am not fond of coddling; but as Paddy gave his pig the best corner in his cabin—­because ’shure, he paid the rint’—­I feel bound to take care of myself as a household animal of value, to say nothing of other points.”

Although he was never strong after this long illness, Huxley began in 1889 to be much better.  The first sign of returning vigor was the eagerness with which he entered into a controversy with Gladstone.  Huxley had always enjoyed a mental battle; and some of his fiercest tilts were with Gladstone.  He even found the cause of better health in this controversy, and was grateful to the “Grand Old Man” for making home happy for him.  From this time to his death, Huxley wrote a number of articles on politics, science, and religion, many of which were published in the volume called Controverted Questions.  The main value of these essays lies in the fact that Huxley calls upon men to give clear reasons for the faith which they claim as theirs, and makes, as a friend wrote of him, hazy thinking and slovenly, half-formed conclusions seem the base thing they really are.