[10] Jilaudar, Jalaudar, properly an attendant holding the bridle
    of a mounted officer or magnate.

[11] The afthaadah is a sun embroidered on crimson velvet, both sides the
    same, and fixed on a circular framework, about two yards in
    circumference; this is attached to a silver or gold staff, the circle
    deeply and fully flounced with gold brocade, or rich silk bound with
    silver ribands.  The person riding is sheltered from the rays of the
    sun by the afthaadah being carried in an elevated position.
    [Author.] (See p. 38.)

[12] Chobdar, ‘a stick-or staff-bearer’.

[13] Sontabardar, ‘a bearer of the silver stick or mace’.

[14] Chhata, a mark of dignity in the East.

[15] Danka, ‘a kettle-drum’.

[16] Loban, luban, frankincense, olibanum, procured from various
    species of Boswellia.

[17] As early as A.D. 1000 the people of Baghdad used to throw dust and
    ashes about the streets, and dress in black sackcloth on the
    anniversary of the death of Husain (Ockley, History of the Saracens,
    418).  The custom was common among the Hebrews (Isaiah iii. 26, xlvii.
    1; Job ii. 8, & c.).  Robertson Smith suggests that the dust was
    originally taken from the grave, and the ashes from the funeral pyre
    (Religion, of the Semites, 413).

[18] Barqandaz, ‘lightning-darter’.

[19] Charkhi; the description is reproduced, without acknowledgement,
    by Mrs. Parks, Wanderings of a Pilgrim, i. 299.

[20] The practice of offering food to the dead is an Indian innovation on
    Musalman practice; it is based on the Hindu custom of offering
    flour-balls (pinda) to the spirit of the dead man.

[21] This was a Hebrew practice, condemned by the prophets (2 Samuel
    xv. 30; Ezekiel xxiv. 17).

[22] Tamjhan, thamjan, the Anglo-Indian ‘tonjon’ or
    ‘tomjohn’, the derivation of which is obscure.  See Yule,
    Hobson-Jobson[2], 930 f.

[23] Ill-feeling between Sunnis and Shi’ahs is not universal in
    India.  ’Though the Sunnis consider the Shi’ah observances as
    impious, they look on with the contempt of indifference.  The fact that
    the British Government punishes all who break the peace may have
    something to do with this.  Still the Sunni and the Shi’ah in
    India live on much better terms, and have more respect for each other
    than the Turk has for the Persian, or the Persian for the Turk.  Some
    Musalman poets, indeed, are both Sunnis and Shi’ahs.’—­E. 
    Sell, The Faith of Islam, 292 f.; cf. p. 14.

[24] Aiyub.

LETTER V

Time.—­How divided in Hindoostaun.—­Observances after Mahurrum.—­Luxuries and enjoyments resumed.—­Black dye used by the ladies.—­Their nose-ring.—­Number of rings worn in their ears.—­Mode of dressing their hair.—­Aversion to our tooth-brushes.—­Toilet of the ladies.—­The Pyjaamahs.—­The Ungeeah (bodice).—­The Courtie.—­The Deputtah.—­Reception of a superior or elder amongst the ladies.—­Their fondness for jewels.—­Their shoes.—­The state of society amongst the Mussulmaun ladies.—­Their conversational endowments.—­Remarks upon the fashion and duty of beards.