the ear of the Western librarian who fears his “bugs” both night and day, for they crawl over everything in broad sunlight, infesting and infecting each corner and cranny of the bookshelves they choose as their home.  There is a remedy in the powder known as insecticide, which, however, is very disagreeable upon books and shelves.  It is, nevertheless, very fatal to these pests, and affords some consolation in the fact that so soon as a “bug” shows any signs of illness, he is devoured at once by his voracious brethren with the same relish as if he were made of fresh paste.

There is, too, a small silvery insect (Lepisma) which I have often seen in the backs of neglected books, but his ravages are not of much importance.

Nor can we reckon the Codfish as very dangerous to literature, unless, indeed, he be of the Roman obedience, like that wonderful Ichthiobibliophage (pardon me, Professor Owen) who, in the year 1626, swallowed three Puritanical treatises of John Frith, the Protestant martyr.  No wonder, after such a meal, he was soon caught, and became famous in the annals of literature.  The following is the title of a little book issued upon the occasion:  “Vox Piscis, or the Book-Fish containing Three Treatises, which were found in the belly of a Cod-Fish in Cambridge Market on Midsummer Eve, AD 1626.”  Lowndes says (see under “Tracey,”) “great was the consternation at Cambridge upon the publication of this work.”

Rats and mice, however, are occasionally very destructive, as the following anecdote will show:  Two centuries ago, the library of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster was kept in the Chapter House, and repairs having become necessary in that building, a scaffolding was erected inside, the books being left on their shelves.  One of the holes made in the wall for a scaffold-pole was selected by a pair of rats for their family residence.  Here they formed a nest for their young ones by descending to the library shelves and biting away the leaves of various books.  Snug and comfortable was the little household, until, one day, the builder’s men having finished, the poles were removed, and—­ alas! for the rats—­the hole was closed up with bricks and cement.  Buried alive, the father and mother, with five or six of their offspring, met with a speedy death, and not until a few years ago, when a restoration of the Chapter House was effected, was the rat grave opened again for a scaffold pole, and all their skeletons and their nest discovered.  Their bones and paper fragments of the nest may now be seen in a glass case in the Chapter House, some of the fragments being attributed to books from the press of Caxton.  This is not the case, although there are pieces of very early black-letter books not now to be found in the Abbey library, including little bits of the famous Queen Elizabeth’s Prayer book, with woodcuts, 1568.

A friend sends me the following incident:  “A few years since, some rats made nests in the trees surrounding my house; from thence they jumped on to some flat roofing, and so made their way down a chimney into a room where I kept books.  A number of these, with parchment backs, they entirely destroyed, as well as some half-dozen books whole bound in parchment.”