upon any and all occasions in defense of what they considered to be their personal honor.  In young Andrew Jackson these characteristics appeared in a superlative degree.  He was mischievous, willful, daring, reckless.  Hardly an escapade took place in the community in which he did not share; and his sensitiveness and quick temper led him continually into trouble.  In his early teens he swore like a trooper, chewed tobacco incessantly, acquired a taste for strong drink, and set a pace for wildness which few of his associates could keep up.  He was passionately fond of running foot races, leaping the bar, jumping, wrestling, and every sort of sport that partook of the character of mimic battle—­and he never acknowledged defeat.  “I could throw him three times out of four,” testifies an old schoolmate, “but he would never stay throwed.  He was dead game even then, and never would give up.”  Another early companion says that of all the boys he had known Jackson was the only bully who was not also a coward.

Of education the boy received only such as was put unavoidably in his way.  It is said that his mother taught him to read before he was five years old; and he attended several terms in the little low-roofed log schoolhouse in the Waxhaw settlement.  But his formal instruction never took him beyond the fundamentals of reading, writing, geography, grammar, and “casting accounts.”  He was neither studious nor teachable.  As a boy he preferred sport to study, and as a man he chose to rely on his own fertile ideas rather than to accept guidance from others.  He never learned to write the English language correctly, although he often wrote it eloquently and convincingly.  In an age of bad spellers he achieved distinction from the number of ways in which he could spell a word within the space of a single page.  He could use no foreign languages; and of the great body of science, literature, history, and the arts he knew next to nothing.  He never acquired a taste for books, although vanity prompted him to treasure throughout his public career all correspondence and other documentary materials that might be of use to future biographers.  Indeed, he picked as a biographer first his military aide, John Reid, and later his close friend, John H. Eaton, whom he had the satisfaction in 1829 of appointing Secretary of War.

When the Revolution came, young Andrew was a boy of ten.  For a time the Carolina backwoods did not greatly feel the effect of the change.  But in the spring of 1780 all of the revolutionary troops in South Carolina were captured at Charleston, and the lands from the sea to the mountains were left at the mercy of Tarleton’s and Rawdon’s bands of redcoats and their Tory supporters.  Twice the Waxhaw settlement was ravaged before the patriots could make a stand.  Young Jackson witnessed two battles in 1780, without taking part in them, and in the following year he, a brother, and a cousin were taken prisoners in a skirmish.  To the day