ref 3], Nandi and Anuyogadvara and four Mulasutras (Uttaradhyayana, Avas’yaka, Das’avaikalika, and Pi@n@daniryukti).  The Digambaras however assert that these original works have all been lost, and that the present works which pass by the old names are spurious.  The original language of these according to the Jains was Ardhamagadhi, but these suffered attempts at modernization and it is best to call the language of the sacred texts Jaina Prakrit and that of the later works Jaina Mahara@s@tri.  A large literature of glosses and commentaries has grown up round the sacred texts.  And besides these, the Jains possess separate works, which contain systematic expositions of their faith in Prakrit and Sanskrit.  Many commentaries have also been written upon these independent treatises.  One of the oldest of these treatises is Umasvati’s Tattvarthadhigamasutra(1-85 A.D.).  Some of the most important later Jaina works on which this chapter is based are Vis’e@savas’yakabha@sya, Jaina Tarkavarttika, with the commentary of S’antyacaryya, Dravyasa@mgraha of Nemicandra (1150 A.D.), Syadvadamanjari of Malli@sena (1292 A.D.), Nyayavatara of Siddhasena Divakara (533 A.D.), Parik@samukhasutralaghuv@rtti of Anantaviryya (1039 A.D.), Prameyakamalamarta@n@da of Prabhacandra

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[Footnote 1:  Aupapatika, Rajapras’niya, Jivabhigama, Prajnapana, Jambudvipaprajnapti, Candraprajnapti, Suryaprajnapti, Nirayavali, Kalpavata@msika, Pu@spika, Pu@spaculika, V@r@s@nida@sas.]

[Footnote 2:  Catu@hs’ara@na, Sa@mstara, Aturapratyakhyana, Bhaktaparijna, Ta@ndulavaiyali, Ca@n@davija, Devendrastava, Ga@nivija, Mahapratyakhyana, Virastava.]

[Footnote 3:  Nis’itha, Mahanis’itha, Vyavahara, Das’as’rutaskandha, B@rhatkalpa, Pancakalpa.]

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(825 A.D.), Yogas’astra of Hemacandra (1088-1172 A.D.), and Prama@nanayatattvalokala@mkara of Deva Suri (1086-1169 A.D.).  I am indebted for these dates to Vidyabhu@sa@na’s Indian Logic.

It may here be mentioned that the Jains also possess a secular literature of their own in poetry and prose, both Sanskrit and Prakrit.  There are also many moral tales (e.g. Samaraicca-kaha, Upamitabhavaprapanca-katha in Prakrit, and the Yas’astilaka of Somadeva and Dhanapala’s Tilakamanjari); Jaina Sanskrit poems both in the Pura@na and Kavya style and hymns in Prakrit and Sanskrit are also very numerous.  There are also many Jaina dramas.  The Jaina authors have also contributed many works, original treatises as well as commentaries, to the scientific literature of India in its various branches:  grammar, biography, metrics, poetics, philosophy, etc.  The contributions of the Jains to logic deserve special notice [Footnote ref 1].

Some General Characteristics of the Jains.