all within the Juke blood.  But, on the other hand, both were the descendants of Clara, the best of the Juke sisters, and both were the best of the progeny of their respective parents.  The only serious taint was the secondary syphilis which the wife had inherited from her father.  Six children were born, two males and four females.  The eldest son was at 31 “laborer, industrious, temperate;” the eldest daughter “good repute, temperate, read and write;” second daughter, “harlot;” third daughter “good repute, temperate;” and the two youngest are given simply as “unmarried.”  This family seems to have had as high an average mentally and morally as any family in the whole tribe, only one in six being distinctly immoral.  In the next generation, the eldest son had two children, the eldest daughter four, and the third daughter, who married a first cousin, had one child.  It would be of great interest to know more of this last marriage, the third generation of consanguinity in marriage, and the fourth first-cousin marriage in three generations, but at the time the book was written the parties were still in their early twenties.[55]

[Footnote 55:  Dugdale, op. cit., Chart II.]

Mr. Dugdale makes the following “tentative inductions.” 1.  Boys preponderate in the illegitimate lines. 2.  Girls preponderate in the intermarried branches. 3.  Lines of intermarriage between Jukes show a minimum of crime. 4.  Pauperism preponderates in the consanguineous lines. 5.  In the main, crime begins in progeny where Juke blood crosses X blood. (Anyone not descended from a Juke, is of “X blood"). 6.  The illegitimate lines have chiefly married into X.[56] The third and fourth inductions might indicate that a lowered vitality of the consanguineous lines changed a tendency toward crime into the less strenuous channel of pauperism, but I cannot find in Mr. Dugdale’s charts any sufficient basis for the induction.  It is true that the most distinctively pauper line is consanguineous, but it is less closely inbred than the “semi-successful” branch.  As to the fifth induction, a close examination of the data shows clearly that in nearly every case where an X marriage occurred, it was with a person of a distinctly immoral or criminal type.  Cousin marriage has also been frequent in the middle western counterpart of the Jukes, the “Tribe of Ishmael."[57]

[Footnote 56:  Dugdale, op. cit., p. 16.]

[Footnote 57:  McCulloch, Tribe of Ishmael.]

A more recent study of hereditary degeneracy is that of the “Zero Family” in Switzerland.[58] Here the first degenerate was the product of two successive consanguineous marriages, both with a branch tainted with insanity.  In spite of his bad ancestry he lived to the age of 106 years.  He married an Italian woman of questionable antecedents, and was the father of a large family.  Three hundred and ten of his descendants are mentioned, of whom many are still young.  Of these 310, 74 died in early childhood, 55 are or were vagabonds, 58 were weak-minded or idiotic and 23 were criminals.  Fifty-two were of illegitimate birth.  Although some are counted in more than one category, the record is appalling.  In this family however, the marriages were nearly all with foreign women, and the effect of consanguinity was only the intensification of the neurosis in the first two generations.