[Footnote 203:  The longitude is reckoned from the “Fortunate Isles,” the most western land known to Ptolemy, now the Canary Islands.  Ferro, the westernmost of these, is still sometimes found as the Prime Meridian in German maps.]

[Footnote 204:  Thus the north supplies not only inscriptions relating to its own legion (the Sixth), but no fewer than 32 of the Second, and 22 of the Twentieth; while at London and Bath indications of all three are found.]

[Footnote 205:  The Latin word castra, originally meaning “camp,” came (in Britain) to signify a fortified town, and was adopted into the various dialects of English as caster, Chester, or cester; the first being the distinctively N. Eastern, the last the S. Western form.]

[Footnote 206:  Amongst these, however, must be named the high authority of Professor Skeat.  See ‘Cambs.  Place-Names.’]

[Footnote 207:  Pearson’s ‘Historical Maps of England’ gives a complete list of these.]

[Footnote 208:  This industry flourished throughout the last half of the 19th century.  The “coprolites” were phosphatic nodules found in the greensand and dug for use as manure.]

[Footnote 209:  These are of bronze, with closed ends, pitted for the needle as now, but of size for wearing upon the thumb.]

[Footnote 210:  There seems no valid reason for doubting that the horseshoes found associated with Roman pottery, etc., in the ashpits of the Cam valley, Dorchester, etc., are actually of Romano-British date.  Gesner maintains that our method of shoeing horses was introduced by Vegetius under Valentinian II.  The earlier shoes seem to have been rather such slippers as are now used by horses drawing mowing-machines on college lawns.  They were sometimes of rope:  Solea sparta pes bovis induitur (Columella), sometimes of iron:  Et supinam animam gravido derelinquere caeno Ferream ut solam tenaci in voragine mula (Catullus, xvii. 25).  Even gold was used:  Poppaea jumentis suis soleas ex auro induebat (Suet., ‘Nero,’ xxx.).  The Romano-British horseshoes are thin broad bands of iron, fastened on by three nails, and without heels.  See also Beckmann’s ‘History of Inventions’ (ed.  Bohn).]

[Footnote 211:  This is true of the whole of Britain, even along the Wall, as a glance at the cases in the British Museum will show.  There may be seen the most interesting relic of this class yet discovered, a bronze shield-boss, dredged out of the Tyne in 1893 [see ’Lapid.  Sept.’ p. 58], bearing the name of the owner, Junius Dubitatus, and his Centurion, Julius Magnus, of the Ninth Legion.]

[Footnote 212:  The wall of London is demonstrably later than the town, old material being found built into it.  So is that of Silchester.]

[Footnote 213:  York was not three miles in circumference, Uriconium the same, Cirencester and Lincoln about two, Silchester and Bath somewhat smaller.]