[Footnote 75:  A Roman legion at this date comprised ten “cohorts,” i.e. some six thousand heavy-armed infantry, besides a small light-armed contingent, and an attached squadron of three hundred cavalry.  Each of Caesar’s transports must thus have carried from one hundred and fifty to two hundred men, and at this rate the eighteen cavalry vessels (reckoning a horse as equivalent to five men, the usual proportion for purposes of military transport) would suffice for his two squadrons.]

[Footnote 76:  An ancient ship could not sail within eight points of the wind (see Smith, ’Voyage of St. Paul’).  Thus a S.W. breeze, while permitting Caesar to leave Boulogne, would effectually prevent these vessels from working out of Ambleteuse.]

[Footnote 77:  Hence the name Dubris = “the rivers.”]

[Footnote 78:  The claims of Richborough [Ritupis] to be Caesar’s actual landing-place have been advocated by Archdeacon Baddeley, Mr. G. Bowker, and others.  But it is almost impossible to make this place square with Caesar’s narrative.]

[Footnote 79:  This was four days before the full moon, so that the tide would be high at Dover about 6 p.m.]

[Footnote 80:  The “lofty promontory” rounded is specially noticed by Dio Cassius.]

[Footnote 81:  The principle of the balista that of the sling, of the catapult that of the bow.  Ammianus Marcellinus (xv. 12) speaks of “the snowy arms” of the Celtic women dealing blows “like the stroke of a catapult.”]

[Footnote 82:  Valerius Maximus (A.D. 30) has recorded one such act of daring on the part of a soldier named Scaeva, who with four comrades held an isolated rock against all comers till he alone was left, when he plunged into the sea and swam off, with the loss of his shield.  In spite of this disgrace Caesar that evening promoted him on the field.  The story has a suspicious number of variants, but off Deal there is such a patch of rocks, locally called the Malms; so that it may possibly be true (’Memorabilia,’ III. 2, 23).]

[Footnote 83:  Valerius Maximus (A.D. 30) states that the Romans landed on a falling tide, which cannot be reconciled with Caesar’s own narrative (see p. 88).  The idea may have originated in the fact that it was probably the approaching turn of the tide which forced him to land at Deal.  He could not have reached Richborough before the ebb began.]

[Footnote 84:  Every soldier was four feet from his nearest neighbour to give scope for effective sword-play.  No other troops in history have ever had the morale thus to fight at close quarters.]

[Footnote 85:  See Plutarch, ‘De placitis philosophorum.’]

[Footnote 86:  Each chariot may have carried six or seven men, like those of the Indian King Porus.  See Dodge, ‘Alexander,’ p. 554.]

[Footnote 87:  Pomponius Mela (’De Situ Orbis,’ I) tells us that by his date (50 A.D.) it had come in:  “Covinos vocant, quorum falcatis axibus utuntur.”]