within him in the state of instinct and vague revery?  In those who have a little hoard for their protection to-day, and in whom excess of misery does not stifle all moral and intellectual development, pure happiness, felt and appreciated, is at the elementary stage; and, furthermore, if poets’ voices have already arisen from the bosom of sorrow and fatigue, why should it be said that the work of the hands excludes the exercise of the functions of the mind?  That exclusion is probably the general result of excessive toil and profound misery; but let it not be said that when man shall work only moderately and profitably, then there will be none but bad workmen and bad poets.  He who derives noble enjoyment from the inward sentiment of poesy is a true poet, though he has never written a line in his life.

My thoughts had taken this course, and I did not notice that this confidence in man’s capacity for education was strengthened in my mind by external influences.  I was walking along the edge of a field which the peasants were preparing for the approaching sowing.  The field was an extensive one, like that in Holbein’s picture.  The landscape, too, was of great extent and framed in broad lines of verdure, slightly reddened by the approach of autumn, the lusty brown earth, where recent rains had left in some of the furrows lines of water which sparkled in the sun like slender silver threads.  It was a blight, warm day, and the ground, freshly opened by the sharp ploughshares, exhaled a slight vapor.  At the upper end of the field, an old man, whose broad back and stern face recalled the man in Holbein’s picture, but whose clothing did not indicate poverty, gravely drove his old-fashioned areau, drawn by two placid oxen, with pale yellow hides, veritable patriarchs of the fields, tall, rather thin, with long, blunt horns, hard-working old beasts whom long companionship has made brothers, as they are called in our country districts, and who, when they are separated, refuse to work with new mates and die of grief.  People who know nothing of the country call this alleged friendship of the ox for his yoke-fellow fabulous.  Let them go to the stable and look at a poor, thin, emaciated animal, lashing his sunken sides with his restless tail, sniffing with terror and contempt at the fodder that is put before him, his eyes always turned toward the door, pawing the empty place beside him, smelling the yoke and chains his companion wore, and calling him incessantly with a pitiful bellow.  The driver will say:  “There’s a yoke of oxen lost; his brother’s dead, and he won’t work.  We ought to fatten him for killing; but he won’t eat, and he’ll soon starve to death.”

The old ploughman was working slowly, in silence, without useless expenditure of strength.  His docile team seemed in no greater hurry than he; but as he kept constantly at work, never turning aside, and exerting always just the requisite amount of sustained power, his furrow was as quickly cut as his son’s, who was driving four less powerful oxen on some harder and more stony land a short distance away.