turned into Syriac; among them several spurious ones of Neo-Platonic origin, notably the famous ‘Liber de Causis’ and the ‘Theology of Aristotle.’  Thus a Neo-Platonic Aristotle came to rule Eastern learning.  On the rise of Islam, this Aristotle was borrowed by the Muslims, and became ruler of their schools at Bagdad, Basra, and other places,—­schools which produced many remarkable men.  On the decay of these, he passed in the twelfth century into the schools of Spain, and here ruled supreme until Arab philosophy was suppressed, shortly before 1200.  From the Arabs he passed into the Christian Church about this date; and though at first resisted, was finally accepted, and became “the philosopher” of the schools, and the inspirer of Dante.  The Reformers, though decrying him, were forced to have recourse to him; but his credit was not re-established until the present century, when, thanks to Hegel, Trendelenburg, Brandis, and the Berlin Academy, his true value was recognized and his permanent influence insured.

The extant works of Aristotle, covering the whole field of science, may be classified as follows:—­

A. Logical or Formal, dealing with the form rather than the matter of science:—­’Categories,’ treating of Being and its determination, which, being regarded ontologically, bring the work into the metaphysical sphere; ‘On Interpretation,’ dealing with the proposition; ’Former Analytics,’ theory of the syllogism; ‘Later Analytics,’ theory of proof; ‘Topics,’ probable proofs; ‘Sophistical proofs,’ fallacies.  These works were later united by the Stoics under the title ‘Organon,’ or Instrument (of science).

B. Scientific or Philosophical, dealing with the matter of science.  These may be subdivided into three classes:  (a) Theoretical, (b) Practical, (c) Creative.

(a) The Theoretical has further subdivisions:  (a) Metaphysical, (b) Physical, (c) Mathematical.—­(a) The Metaphysical works include the incomplete collection under the name ’Metaphysics,’—­(b) The Physical works include ‘Physics,’ ‘On the Heavens,’ ’On Generation and Decay,’ ‘On the Soul,’ with eight supplementary tracts on actions of the soul as combined with the body; viz., ‘On Sense and Sensibles,’ ’On Memory and Reminiscence,’ ‘On Sleep and Waking,’ ‘On Dreams,’ ’On Divination from Dreams,’ ‘On Length and Shortness of Life,’ ’On Life and Death,’ ‘On Respiration,’ ‘Meteorologics,’ ‘Histories of Animals’ (Zooegraphy).  ‘On the Parts of Animals,’ ‘On the Generation of Animals,’ ‘On the Motion of Animals,’ ‘Problems’ (largely spurious).  ’On the Cosmos,’ ‘Physiognomies,’ ‘On Wonderful Auditions,’ ’On Colors.’—­The Mathematical works include ‘On Indivisible Lines,’ ‘Mechanics.’

(b) The Practical works are ‘Nicomachean Ethics,’ ‘Endemean Ethics,’ ‘Great Ethics’ (’Magna Moralia’), really different forms of the same work; ‘Politics,’ ‘Constitutions’ (originally one hundred and fifty-eight in number; now represented only by the recently discovered ’Constitution of Athens’), ‘On Virtues and Vices,’ ’Rhetoric to Alexander,’ ‘Oeconomics.’