[Sidenote:  The cities.]

[Sidenote:  New York.]

[Sidenote:  Chicago.]

363.  The Cities.—­The tremendous increase in manufacturing, in farming, and in trading brought about a great increase in foreign commerce.  This in turn led to the building up of great cities in the North and the West.  These were New York and Chicago; and they grew rapidly because they formed the two ends of the line of communication between the East and the West by the Mohawk Valley (p. 239).  New York now contained over eight hundred thousand inhabitants.  It had more people within its limits than lived in the whole state of South Carolina.  The most rapid growth was seen in the case of Chicago.  In 1840 there were only five thousand people in that city; it now contained one hundred and nine thousand inhabitants.  Cincinnati and St. Louis, each with one hundred and sixty thousand, were still the largest cities of the West, and St. Louis was the largest city in any slave state.  New Orleans, with nearly as many people as St. Louis, was the only large city in the South.

[Sidenote:  The North and the South.]

[Sidenote:  Growth of the Northwest.]

[Sidenote:  Density of population, 1860.]

364.  The States.—­As it was with the cities so it was with the states—­the North had grown beyond the South.  In 1790 Virginia had as many inhabitants as the states of New York and Pennsylvania put together.  In 1860 Virginia had only about one-quarter as many inhabitants as these two states.  Indeed, in 1860 New York had nearly four million inhabitants, or nearly as many inhabitants as the whole United States in 1791 (p. 156).  But the growth of the states of the Northwest had been even more remarkable.  Ohio now had a million more people than Virginia and stood third in population among the states of the Union.  Illinois was the fourth state and Indiana the sixth.  Even more interesting are the facts brought out by a study of the map showing the density of population or the number of people to the square mile in the several states.  It appears that in 1860 Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts each had over forty-five inhabitants to the square mile, while not a single Southern state had as many as forty-five inhabitants to the square mile.  This shows us at once that although the Southern states were larger in extent than the Northern states, they were much less powerful.

[Illustration:  DENSITY OF POPULATION IN 1860.]

[Sidenote:  Improvements in living.]

365.  City Life.—­In the old days the large towns were just like the small towns except that they were larger.  Life in them was just about the same as in the smaller places.  Now, however, there was a great difference.  In the first place the city could afford to have a great many things the smaller town could not pay for.  In the second place it must have certain things or its people would