[68] The Naubat-khana, or the royal orchestra, is, in general, a large room over the outer gate of the palace for the martial music.

[69] Nazars, presents made to kings, governors, and masters, &c., on joyful occasions, and on public festivals, generally in silver and gold.

[70] Literally, “when two pahars had elapsed.”—­V. note on pahar, supra.

[71] “On them,” i.e., for the souls of the dead.

[72] A celebrated Hindu poet of Upper Hindustan; his poetry is of a sombre hue, but natural and sympathetic; the simile here is, that no creature has yet survived the pressure of the heavens and the earth; the heavens, being in motion, representing the upper millstone, and the earth (supposed to be at rest), the lower millstone.

[73] A figurative expression, denoting, “I may yet have a son and heir.”

[74] Fakirs are holy mendicants, who devote themselves to the expected joys of the next world, and abstract themselves from those of this silly transitory scene; they are generally fanatics and enthusiasts—­sometimes mad, and often hypocrites.  They are much venerated by the superstitious Asiatics, and are allowed uncommon privileges, which they naturally often abuse.

[75] The kafni is a kind of short shirt without sleeves, of the colour of brick dust, which Fakirs wear.

[76] Literally, “paintings on a wall.”

[77] The fanus is a large glass shade open at the top, placed over a lamp or candle as a protection from wind, or bats, &c., when the windows are all open, as is generally the case in hot weather.

[78] The Dev is a malignant spirit, one of the class called jinn by the Arabs, vide Lane’s “Arabian Nights,” vol. i. p. 30.  The jinn or genii, however, occasionally behave very handsomely towards the human race, more especially towards those of the Muhammadan faith.

[79] The Ghul is a foul and intensely wicked spirit, of an order inferior to the jinn.  It is said to appear in the form of any living animal it chooses, as well as in any other monstrous and terrific shape.  It haunts desert places, especially burying grounds, and is said to feed on dead human bodies.

[80] This is a general exclamation when Asiatics sneeze, and with them, as with the ancients, it is an ominous sign.

[81] Kalandars are a more fanatic set of Fakirs.  Their vow is to desert wife, children, and all worldly connexions and human sympathies, and to wander about with shaven heads.

[82] The introduction of the hukka is an improvement of Mir Amman’s; as that luxury was unknown in Europe and Asia at the time of Amir Khusru.

[83] The term Azad, “free, or independent,” is applied to a class of Darweshes who shave the beard, eyelashes and eyebrows.  They vow chastity and a holy life, but consider themselves exempt from all ceremonial observances of the Muhammadan religion.