[25] The founder of the Jut principality; they were once very powerful in Upper-Hindustan.  Ranjit Sing, Raja of Bhartpur at the commencement of the present century, who so gallantly defended that place against our arms, was a son of Suraj Mal, who was killed while reconnoitring the Mughal army.  The Jats are the best agriculturists in India, and good soldiers in self defence; for since the spirit which Suraj Mal infused, evaporated, they have always preferred peace to war.  They built some of the strongest places in India.

[26] Ahmad Khan, the Durrani or Afghan, became king of Kabul after the death of Nadir Shah.  He was the father of Taimur Shah, who kept Upper Hindustan in alarm for many years with threats of invasion. Shuja’u-l-Mulk, whom we seated on the throne of Kabul some fifteen years ago, was descended from him.

[27] ’Azim-abid is the Muhammadan name of Patna.  On the Muhammadan conquest, many of the Hindu names of cities were changed for Muhammadan names, such as Jahangir-abad or Jahangir-nagar for Dacca, Akbar-abad for Agra, Shahjahan-abad for Dilli, &c.

[28] Literally, “water and grain.”

[29] Literally, “has existed during the four jugas,” or fabulous ages of the Hindus, i.e., since the creation of the world.

[30] The Bhakha, or Bhasha, par excellence, is the Hindu dialect spoken in the neighbourhood of Agra, Mathura, &c. in the Braj district; it is a very soft language, and much admired in Upper Hindustan, and is well adapted for light poetry.  Dr. Gilchrist has given some examples of it in his grammar of the Hindustani language, and numerous specimens of it are to be found in the Prem Sagar, and other works published more recently.

[31] Mahmud, the first monarch of the dynasty of Ghazni, was the son of the famous Sabaktagin.  Ha invaded Hindustan in A.H. 392, or A.D. 1002.  The dynasty was called Ghaznawi, from its capital Ghazna, or as now commonly written Ghazni.

[32] Two dynasties of kings who reigned in Upper Hindustan before the race of Taimur.

[33] Timur, (or Taimur as it is pronounced in India) invaded Hindustan A.D. 1398.

[34] The bazar, that part of a city where there are most shops; but the word is applied to various parts of a city, where various articles are sold, as the cloth bazar, the jewel bazar, &c.