With many hair’s-breadth escapes, the expedition now passed through the rapids or “great shoot.”  The river here is one hundred and fifty yards wide and the rapids are confined to an area four hundred yards long, crowded with islands and rocky ledges.  They found the Indians living along the banks of the stream to be kindly disposed; but they had learned, by their intercourse with tribes living below, to set a high value on their wares.  They asked high prices for anything they had for sale.  The journal says:—­

“We cannot learn precisely the nature of the trade carried on by the Indians with the inhabitants below.  But as their knowledge of the whites seems to be very imperfect, and as the only articles which they carry to market, such as pounded fish, bear-grass, and roots, cannot be an object of much foreign traffic, their intercourse appears to be an intermediate trade with the natives near the mouth of the Columbia.  From them these people obtain, in exchange for their fish, roots, and bear-grass, blue and white beads, copper tea-kettles, brass armbands, some scarlet and blue robes, and a few articles of old European clothing.  But their great object is to obtain beads, an article which holds the first place in their ideas of relative value, and to procure which they will sacrifice their last article of clothing or last mouthful of food.  Independently of their fondness for them as an ornament, these beads are the medium of trade, by which they obtain from the Indians still higher up the river, robes, skins, chappelel bread, bear-grass, etc.  Those Indians in turn employ them to procure from the Indians in the Rocky Mountains, bear-grass, pachico-roots, robes, etc.

“These Indians are rather below the common size, with high cheek-bones; their noses are pierced, and in full dress ornamented with a tapering piece of white shell or wampum about two inches long.  Their eyes are exceedingly sore and weak; many of them have only a single eye, and some are perfectly blind.  Their teeth prematurely decay, and in frequent instances are altogether worn away.  Their general health, however, seems to be good, the only disorder we have remarked being tumors in different parts of the body.”

The more difficult rapid was passed on the second day of November, the luggage being sent down by land and the empty canoes taken down with great care.  The journal of that date says:—­

“The rapid we have just passed is the last of all the descents of the Columbia.  At this place the first tidewater commences, and the river in consequence widens immediately below the rapid.  As we descended we reached, at the distance of one mile from the rapid, a creek under a bluff on the left; at three miles is the lower point of Strawberry Island.  To this immediately succeed three small islands covered with wood.  In the meadow to the right, at some distance from the hills, stands a perpendicular rock about eight hundred feet high and four hundred yards around