HUGHENDEN, a parish in Buckinghamshire, in the Chiltern district, 2 m.  N. of High Wycombe; is interesting as the seat of Hughenden Manor, for many years the residence of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield.

HUGHES, THOMAS, author of “Tom Brown’s School-days,” born at Uffington, Berks; was at Rugby in Dr. Arnold’s time, graduated at Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1848; his famous story of Rugby school life, “Tom Brown’s School-days,” was published in 1856, and was followed by “Tom Brown at Oxford” and other stories and biographies; he entered Parliament in 1865, and in 1882 became a County Court Judge; throughout his life he was keenly interested in social questions and the betterment of the working-classes (1832-1896).

HUGO, VICTOR-MARIE, a famous French poet and novelist, born at Besancon; as a boy he accompanied his father, a general in Joseph Bonaparte’s army, through the campaigns in Italy and Spain; at 14 he produced a tragedy, and six years later appeared his “Odes et Ballades”; in 1827 was published his famous tragedy “Cromwell,” which placed him at the head of the Romanticists, and in “Hernani” (1830) the departure from the old classic novels was more emphatically asserted; his superabundant genius continued to pour forth a quick succession of dramas, novels, essays, and poems, in which he revealed himself one of the most potent masters of the French language; he was admitted to the French Academy, and in 1845 was created a peer; he engaged in politics first as a Royalist and next as a Democrat, fled to Brussels after the coup d’etat; subsequently he established himself in Jersey and then in Guernsey, where he wrote his great novels “Les Miserables,” “Les Travailleurs de la Mer,” etc.; he returned to France in 1870, engaged in politics again, became a senator, and continued to produce works with undiminished energy; his writings were in the first instance a protest against the self-restraint and coldness of the old classic models, but were as truly a faithful expression of his own intense and assertive egoism, and are characteristic of his school in their exaggerated sentiment and pervading self-consciousness (1802-1885).

HUGUENOTS, a name formerly given to the Protestants of France, presumed to be a corruption of the German word eingenossen, i. e. sworn confederates, the history of whom and their struggles and persecutions fills a large chapter in the history of France, a cause which was espoused at the first by many of the nobles and the best families in the country, but all along in disfavour at Court.

HULL, or KINGSTON-UPON-HULL (260), a flourishing river-port in the E. Riding of Yorkshire, at the junction of the Hull with the Humber, 42 m.  SE. of York; is an old town, and has many interesting churches, statues, and public buildings; is the third port of the kingdom; has immense docks, is the principal outlet for the woollen and cotton goods of the Midlands, and does a great trade with the Baltic and Germany; has flourishing shipbuilding yards, rope and canvas factories, sugar refineries, oil-mills, etc., and is an important centre of the east coast fisheries.