the Crusades (1096-1291); Employment of Cannon at Crecy (1346); Invention of Printing (1436); Taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II. (1453); Discovery of America by Columbus (1492); Copernican System published (1500); Accession of Leo X. as Pope (1513); the Reformation of Luther (1517); Publication of Bacon’s “Novum Organon” (1620); Publication of Descartes’s “Discourse on Method” (1637); the Peace of Westphalia (1648); Reign of Louis XIV. at its Height, and Peace of Nimeguen (1678); Publication of Newton’s Theory of Gravitation (1682); Watt’s Invention of the Steam-Engine (1769); Independence of the United States (1776); Coup d’etat of 10th Brumaire (1799); Waterloo, and Congress of Vienna (1815); Introduction of Railroads into England (1830); First Attempt at Electric Telegraphy in France (1837); Africa traversed by Livingstone (1852-1854); Publication of Darwin’s “Origin of Species” (1859); Opening of the Suez Canal (1869); Proclamation of the German Empire (1871); Congress of Berlin (1878).

DAUBENTON, LOUIS JEAN MARIE, a French naturalist, born at Montbard; associated with Buffon in the preparation of the first 15 vols. of his “Histoire Naturelle,” and helped him materially by the accuracy of his knowledge, as well as his literary qualifications; contributed largely to the “Encyclopedie,” and was 50 years curator of the Cabinet of Natural History at Paris (1716-1799).

DAUBENY, CHARLES, English chemist and botanist, author of “A Description of Active and Extinct Volcanoes,” an “Introduction to the Atomic Theory,” and other works, all like the latter more or less related to chemistry (1795-1867).

D’AUBIGNE, MERLE, a popular Church historian, born near Geneva; studied under Neander at Berlin; became pastor at Hamburg, court-preacher at Brussels, and professor of Church History at Geneva; his reputation rests chiefly on his “History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century” (1794-1872).

D’AUBIGNE, THEODORE AGRIPPA, a historian, bred to the military profession; held appointments under Henry IV., on whose assassination he returned to Geneva, where he wrote his “Histoire Universelle,” which had the honour to be burned by the common hangman in Paris; was a satirical writer; grandfather to Mme. de Maintenon (1550-1630).

DAUBIGNY, CHARLES FRANCOIS, a French landscape painter and skilful etcher, born in Paris, attained distinction as an artist late in life (1817-1878).

D’AUBUSSON, PIERRE, grand-master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, of French origin; served under the Emperor Sigismund against the Turks; went to Rhodes; became a knight of St. John, and was chosen grand-master; defended Rhodes against 100,000 Turks, and thus stayed the career of Mahomet II., who, after establishing himself in Constantinople, was threatening to overrun Europe (1423-1503).

DAUDET, ALPHONSE, a noted French novelist of great versatility, born at Nimes, of poor parents; early selected literature as his career in life; wrote poems and plays, and contributed to the Figaro and other journals; worked up into his novels characters and situations that had come under his own observation, often in too satirical a vein to become universally popular; has been likened to Dickens in his choice of subjects and style of treatment; died suddenly (1840-1897).