STEWART, DUGALD, Scottish philosopher, born in Edinburgh, son of Matthew Stewart; attended the High School and the University; studied one session at Glasgow under Dr. Reid; assisted his father in conducting the mathematical classes in Edinburgh, and succeeded Adam Ferguson in the Moral Philosophy chair in 1785, a post, the active duties of which he discharged with signal success for twenty-five years, lecturing on a wide range of subjects connected with metaphysics and the science of mind; he wrote “Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind,” “Philosophical Essays,” &c.; “His writings,” says Carlyle, who held him in high veneration, “are not a philosophy, but a making ready for one.  He does not enter on the field to till it; he only encompasses it with fences, invites cultivators, and drives away intruders; often (fallen on evil days) he is reduced to long arguments with the passers-by to prove that it is a field, that this so highly-prized domain of his is, in truth, soil and substance, not clouds and shadows.  It is only to a superficial observer that the import of these discussions can seem trivial; rightly understood, they give sufficient and final answer to Hartley’s and Darwin’s and all other possible forms of Materialism, the grand Idolatry, as we may rightly call it, by which, in all times, the true Worship, that of the Invisible, has been polluted and withstood” (1753-1858).

STEWART, HOUSE OF.  See STUART.

STEWART, MATTHEW, mathematician, born at Rothesay; bred for the Church, was for a time minister of Roseneath, and succeeded Maclaurin as professor of Mathematics in Edinburgh in 1747; was the author of a mathematical treatise or two, and the lifelong friend of Robert Simson (1717-1785).

STEYER (17), a manufacturing town of Upper Austria, at the junction of the Steyer and Enns, 20 m.  NE. of St. Valentin; noted for its flourishing iron and steel manufactures, of which it is the chief seat in Austria.

STHENO, one of the THREE GORGONS (q. v.).

STIELER, a celebrated German cartographer, born at Gotha; his atlases are deservedly held in high esteem for their excellence (1775-1836).

STIER, RUDOLF EWALD, German theologian; was a devout student of the Bible as the very Word of God, and is best known as the author of the “Words of the Lord Jesus” (1800-1862).

STIGAND, archbishop of Canterbury and favourite of Edward the Confessor, who advanced him to the bishoprics of Elmham and Winchester and to the Primacy in 1052; his appointment was popularly regarded as uncanonical, and neither Harold nor William the Conqueror allowed him to perform the ceremony of coronation; through William’s influence was by the Pope deprived of his office and condemned to imprisonment.

STIGMATA, impressions of marks corresponding to certain wounds received by Christ at His crucifixion, and which certain of the saints are said to have been supernaturally marked with in memory of His.  St. Francis in particular showed such marks.