a calf was killed and solemnly buried feet pointing upwards at the threshold of the cowshed.  When our garthman told me of this, I pointed out to him that the charm had failed, for the disease had not spared that shed.  But he promptly replied, “Yis, but owd Edwards were a soight too cliver; he were that mean he slew nobbutt a wankling cauf as were bound to deny anny road; if he had nobbutt tekken his best cauf it wud hev worked reight enuff; ’tain’t in reason that owd skrat ‘ud be hanselled wi’ wankling draffle."[795]

Notes: 

[262] See Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie*[4] (Berlin, 1875-1878), i. 502, 510, 516.

[263] W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstaemme (Berlin, 1875), pp. 518 sq.

[264] In the following survey of these fire-customs I follow chiefly W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, kap. vi. pp. 497 sqq. Compare also J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,*[4] i. 500 sqq.; Walter E. Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore (London, 1863), pp. 46 sqq.; F. Vogt, “Scheibentreiben und Fruehlingsfeuer,” Zeitschrift des Vereins fuer Volkskunde, iii. (1893) pp. 349-369; ibid. iv. (1894) pp. 195-197.

[265] The Scapegoat, pp. 316 sqq.

[266] The first Sunday in Lent is known as Invocavit from the first word of the mass for the day (O.  Frh. von Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Boehmen, p. 67).

[267] Le Baron de Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, Calendrier Belge (Brussels, 1861-1862), i. 141-143; E. Monseur, Le Folklore Wallon (Brussels, N.D.), pp. 124 sq.

[268] Emile Hublard, Fetes du Temps Jadis, les Feux du Careme (Mons, 1899), pp. 25.  For the loan of this work I am indebted to Mrs. Wherry of St. Peter’s Terrace, Cambridge.

[269] E. Hublard, op. cit. pp. 27 sq.

[270] A. Meyrac, Traditions, coutumes, legendes et contes des Ardennes (Charleville, 1890), p. 68.

[271] L.F.  Sauve, Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), p. 56.  The popular name for the bonfires in the Upper Vosges (Hautes-Vosges) is chavandes.

[272] E. Cortet, Essai sur les fetes religieuses (Paris, 1867), pp. 101 sq. The local name for these bonfires is bures.

[273] Charles Beauquier, Les mois en Franche-Comte (Paris, 1900), pp. 33 sq. In Bresse the custom was similar.  See La Bresse Louhannaise, Bulletin Mensuel, Organe de la Societe d’Agriculture et d’Horticulture de l’Arrondissement de Louhans, Mars, 1906, pp. 111 sq.; E. Cortet, op. cit. p. 100.  The usual name for the bonfires is chevannes or schvannes; but in some places they are called fouleres, foualeres, failles, or bourdifailles (Ch.  Beauquier, op. cit. p. 34).  But the Sunday is called