are persons in the company.  They daub one of these portions all over with charcoal, until it be perfectly black.  They put all the bits of the cake into a bonnet.  Every one, blindfold, draws out a portion.  He who holds the bonnet, is entitled to the last bit.  Whoever draws the black bit, is the devoted person who is to be sacrificed to Baal[371] whose favour they mean to implore, in rendering the year productive of the sustenance of man and beast.  There is little doubt of these inhuman sacrifices having been once offered in this country, as well as in the east, although they now pass from the act of sacrificing, and only compel the devoted person to leap three times through the flames; with which the ceremonies of this festival are closed."[372]

[Pennant’s description of the Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire.]

Thomas Pennant, who travelled in Perthshire in the year 1769, tells us that “on the first of May, the herdsmen of every village hold their Bel-tien, a rural sacrifice.  They cut a square trench on the ground, leaving the turf in the middle; on that they make a fire of wood, on which they dress a large caudle of eggs, butter, oatmeal and milk; and bring besides the ingredients of the caudle, plenty of beer and whisky; for each of the company must contribute something.  The rites begin with spilling some of the caudle on the ground, by way of libation:  on that every one takes a cake of oatmeal, upon which are raised nine square knobs, each dedicated to some particular being, the supposed preserver of their flocks and herds, or to some particular animal, the real destroyer of them:  each person then turns his face to the fire, breaks off a knob, and flinging it over his shoulders, says, ’This I give to thee, preserve thou my horses; this to thee, preserve thou my sheep; and so on,’ After that, they use the-same ceremony to the noxious animals:  ’This I give to thee, O fox! spare thou my lambs; this to thee, O hooded crow! this to thee, O eagle!’ When the ceremony is over, they dine on the caudle; and after the feast is finished, what is left is hid by two persons deputed for that purpose; but on the next Sunday they re-assemble, and finish the reliques of the first entertainment"[373]

[Beltane cakes and fires in the parishes of Logierait and Kirkmichael; omens drawn from the cakes.]

Another writer of the eighteenth century has described the Beltane festival as it was held in the parish of Logierait in Perthshire.  He says:  “On the first of May, O.S., a festival called Beltan is annually held here.  It is chiefly celebrated by the cow-herds, who assemble by scores in the fields, to dress a dinner for themselves, of boiled milk and eggs.  These dishes they eat with a sort of cakes baked for the occasion, and having small lumps in the form of nipples, raised all over the surface."[374] In this last account no mention is made of bonfires, but they were probably lighted, for a contemporary