the other people how good they are.  It has been proved a hundred times over that if you really wish to enrage people and make them angry, even unto death, the right way to do it is to tell them that they are all the sons of God.  Jesus Christ was crucified, it may be remembered, not because of anything he said about God, but on a charge of saying that a man could in three days pull down and rebuild the Temple.  Every one of the great revolutionists, from Isaiah to Shelley, have been optimists.  They have been indignant, not about the badness of existence, but about the slowness of men in realizing its goodness.  The prophet who is stoned is not a brawler or a marplot.  He is simply a rejected lover.  He suffers from an unrequited attachment to things in general.

It becomes increasingly apparent, therefore, that the world is in a permanent danger of being misjudged.  That this is no fanciful or mystical idea may be tested by simple examples.  The two absolutely basic words ‘good’ and ‘bad,’ descriptive of two primal and inexplicable sensations, are not, and never have been, used properly.  Things that are bad are not called good by any people who experience them; but things that are good are called bad by the universal verdict of humanity.

Let me explain a little:  Certain things are bad so far as they go, such as pain, and no one, not even a lunatic, calls a tooth-ache good in itself; but a knife which cuts clumsily and with difficulty is called a bad knife, which it certainly is not.  It is only not so good as other knives to which men have grown accustomed.  A knife is never bad except on such rare occasions as that in which it is neatly and scientifically planted in the middle of one’s back.  The coarsest and bluntest knife which ever broke a pencil into pieces instead of sharpening it is a good thing in so far as it is a knife.  It would have appeared a miracle in the Stone Age.  What we call a bad knife is a good knife not good enough for us; what we call a bad hat is a good hat not good enough for us; what we call bad cookery is good cookery not good enough for us; what we call a bad civilization is a good civilization not good enough for us.  We choose to call the great mass of the history of mankind bad, not because it is bad, but because we are better.  This is palpably an unfair principle.  Ivory may not be so white as snow, but the whole Arctic continent does not make ivory black.

Now it has appeared to me unfair that humanity should be engaged perpetually in calling all those things bad which have been good enough to make other things better, in everlastingly kicking down the ladder by which it has climbed.  It has appeared to me that progress should be something else besides a continual parricide; therefore I have investigated the dust-heaps of humanity, and found a treasure in all of them.  I have found that humanity is not incidentally engaged, but eternally and systematically engaged, in throwing