his demands.  Notwithstanding, then, the orders of the President, the remonstrances of Halleck, and the clamour of the press, for more than five weeks after the battle of Sharpsburg he remained inactive on the Potomac.  It may be that in the interests of the army he was perfectly right in resisting the pressure brought to bear upon him.  He was certainly the best judge of the temper of his troops, and could estimate more exactly than either Lincoln or Halleck the chances of success if he were to encounter Lee’s veterans on their native soil.  However this may be, his inaction was not in accordance with the demands of the political situation.  The President, immediately the Confederates retired from Maryland, had taken a step which changed the character of the war.  Hitherto the Northerners had fought for the restoration of the Union on the basis of the Constitution, as interpreted by themselves.  Now, after eighteen months of conflict, the Constitution was deliberately violated.  For the clause which forbade all interference with the domestic institutions of the several States, a declaration that slavery should no longer exist within the boundaries of the Republic was substituted, and the armies of the Union were called upon to fight for the freedom of the negro.

In the condition of political parties this measure Was daring.  It was not approved by the Democrats, and many of the soldiers were Democrats; or by those—­and they were not a few—­who believed that compromise was the surest means of restoring peace; or by those—­and they were numerous—­who thought the dissolution of the Union a smaller evil than the continuance of the war.  The opposition was very strong, and there was but one means of reconciling it—­vigorous action on the part of the army, the immediate invasion of Virginia, and a decisive victory.  Delay would expose the framers of the measure to the imputation of having promised more than they could perform, of wantonly tampering with the Constitution, and of widening the breach between North and South beyond all hope of healing.

In consequence, therefore, of McClellan’s refusal to move forward, the friction between the Federal Government and their general-in-chief, which, so long as Lee remained in Maryland, had been allayed, once more asserted its baneful influence; and the aggressive attitude of the Confederates did not serve to make matters smoother.  Although the greater part of October was for the Army of Northern Virginia a period of unusual leisure, the troops were not altogether idle.  As soon as the stragglers had been brought in, and the ranks of the divisions once more presented a respectable appearance, various enterprises were undertaken.  The Second Army Corps was entrusted with the destruction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, a duty carried out by Jackson with characteristic thoroughness.  The line from Harper’s Ferry to Winchester, as well as that from Manassas Junction to Strasburg, were also torn up; and the spoils of