task in the world, but started out with the idea of preparing themselves to solve the race problem; and that many of them made a business of keeping the troubles, wrongs, and hardships of the Negro race before the public.[1] There was ample ground for this criticism.  More and more, however, the opposition gained force; the Guardian, a weekly paper edited in Boston by Monroe Trotter, was particularly outspoken, and in Boston the real climax came in 1903 in an endeavor to break up a meeting at which Dr. Washington was to speak.  Then, beginning in January, 1904, the Voice of the Negro, a magazine published in Atlanta for three years, definitely helped toward the cultivation of racial ideals.  Publication of the periodical became irregular after the Atlanta Massacre, and it finally expired in 1907.  Some of the articles dealt with older and more philosophical themes, but there were also bright and illuminating studies in education and other social topics, as well as a strong stand on political issues.  The Colored American, published in Boston just a few years before the Voice began to appear, also did inspiring work.  Various local or state organizations, moreover, from time to time showed the virtue of cooeperation; thus the Georgia Equal Rights Convention, assembled in Macon in February, 1906, at the call of William J. White, the veteran editor of the Georgia Baptist, brought together representative men from all over the state and considered such topics as the unequal division of school taxes, the deprivation of the jury rights of Negroes, the peonage system, and the penal system.  In 1905 twenty-nine men of the race launched what was known as the Niagara Movement.  The aims of this organization were freedom of speech and criticism, an unlettered and unsubsidized press, manhood suffrage, the abolition of all caste distinctions based simply on race and color, the recognition of the principle of human brotherhood as a practical present creed, the recognition of the highest and best training as the monopoly of no class or race, a belief in the dignity of labor, and united effort to realize these ideals under wise and courageous leadership.  The time was not yet quite propitious, and the Niagara Movement as such died after three or four years.  Its principles lived on, however, and it greatly helped toward the formation of a stronger and more permanent organization.

[Footnote 1:  See chapter “The Intellectuals,” in My Larger Education.]

In 1909 a number of people who were interested in the general effect of the Negro Problem on democracy in America organized in New York the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[1] It was felt that the situation had become so bad that the time had come for a simple declaration of human rights.  In 1910 Moorfield Storey, a distinguished lawyer of Boston, became national president, and W.E.  Burghardt DuBois director of publicity and research, and editor