of Austrasia and all the Frankish dominion.  He did not, however, take the name of king; and four descendants of Clovis, Thierry III., Clovis III., Childebert III., and Dagobert III. continued to bear that title in Neustria and Burgundy, under the preponderating influence of Pepin of Heristal.  He did, during his long sway, three things of importance.  He struggled without cessation to keep or bring back under the rule of the Franks the Germanic nations on the right bank of the Rhine,—­Frisons, Saxons, Thuringians, Bavarians, and Allemannians; and thus to make the Frankish dominion a bulwark against the new flood of barbarians who were pressing one another westwards.

He rekindled in Austrasia the national spirit and some political life by beginning again the old March parades of the Franks, which had fallen into desuetude under the last Merovingians.  Lastly, and this was, perhaps, his most original merit, he understood of what importance, for the Frankish kingdom, was the conversion to Christianity of the Germanic peoples over the Rhine, and he abetted with all his might the zeal of the popes and missionaries, Irish, Anglo-Saxon, and Gallo-Roman, devoted to this great work.  The two apostles of Friesland, St. Willfried and St. Willibrod, especially the latter, had intimate relations with Pepin of Heristal, and received from him effectual support.  More than twenty bishoprics, amongst others those of Utrecht, Mayence, Ratisbonne, Worms, and Spire, were founded at this epoch; and one of those ardent pioneers of Christian civilization, the Irish bishop, St. Lievin, martyred in 656 near Ghent, of which he has remained the patron saint, wrote in verse to his friend Herbert, a little before his martyrdom, “I have seen a sun without rays, days without light, and nights without repose.  Around me rageth a people impious and clamorous for my blood.  O people, what harm have I done thee?  ’Tis peace that I bring thee; wherefore declare war against me?  But thy barbarism will bring my triumph and give me the palm of martyrdom.  I know in whom I trust, and my hope shall not be confounded.  Whilst I am pouring forth these verses, there cometh unto me the tired driver of the ass that beareth me the usual provisions:  he bringeth that which maketh the delights of the country, even milk and butter and eggs; the cheeses stretch the wicker-work of the far too narrow panniers.  Why tarriest thou, good carrier?  Quicken thy step; collect thy riches, thou that this morning art so poor.  As for me I am no longer what I was, and have lost the gift of joyous verse.  How could it be other-wise when I am witness of such cruelties?”

It were difficult to describe with more pious, graceful, and melancholy feeling a holier and a simpler life.