the passive.”—­Ib., p. 76.  Now either not all these are the participles of one verb, or that verb has more than three.  Take your choice.  Redundant verbs usually have duplicate forms of all the participles except the Imperfect Active; as, lighting, lighted or lit, having lighted or having lit; so again, being lighted or being lit, lighted or lit, having been lighted or having been lit.

[302] The diversity in the application of these names, and in the number or nature of the participles recognized in different grammars, is quite as remarkable as that of the names themselves.  To prepare a general synopsis of this discordant teaching, no man will probably think it worth his while.  The following are a few examples of it: 

1.  “How many Participles, are there; There are two, the Active Participle which ends in (ing), as burning, and the Passive Participle which ends in (ed) as, burned.”—­The British Grammar, p. 140.  In this book, the participles of Be are named thus:  “ACTIVE.  Being.  PASSIVE.  Been, having been.”—­Ib., p. 138.

2.  “How many Sorts of Participles are there? A.  Two; the Active Participle, that ends always in ing; as, loving, and the Passive Participle, that ends always in ed, t, or n; as, loved, taught, slain.”—­Fisher’s Practical New Gram., p. 75.

3.  “ACTIVE VOICE. Participles.  Present, calling.  Past, having called.  Future, being about to call.  PASSIVE VOICE.  Present, being called.  Past, having been called.  Future, being about to be called.”—­Ward’s Practical Gram., pp. 55 and 59.

4.  ACT.  “Present, loving; Perfect, loved; Past, having loved.”—­Lowth’s Gram., p. 39.  The participles passive are not given by Lowth; but, by inference from his rule for forming “the passive verb,” they must be these:  “Present, being loved; Perfect, loved, or been loved; Past, having been loved.”  See Lowth’s Gram., p. 44.

5.  “ACT.  V. Present, Loving. Past, Loved. Perfect, Having loved.  PAS.  V. Pres.  Being loved. Past, Loved. Perf.  Having been loved.”—­Lennie’s Gram., pp. 25 and 33; Greene’s Analysis, p. 225; Bullions’s Analyt. and Pract.  Gram., pp. 87 and 95.  This is Bullions’s revised scheme, and much worse than his former one copied from Murray.

6.  ACT. “Present. Loving. Perfect. Loved. Compound Perfect, Having loved.”  PAS. “Present. Being loved. Perfect or Passive. Loved. Compound Perfect. Having been loved.”—­L.  Murray’s late editions, pp. 98 and 99; Hart’s Gram., pp. 85 and 88; Bullions’s Principles of E. Gram., pp. 47 and 55.  No form or name of the first participle passive was adopted by Murray in his early editions.