[Footnote 35:  Below, pp. 470, 471.]

[Footnote 36:  The laws are summarized and quoted in A.J.  Northrup “Slavery in New York,” in the New York State Library Report for 1900, pp. 254-272. See also E.V.  Morgan, “Slavery in New York,” in the American Historical Association Papers (New York, 1891), V, 335-350.]

As to New Jersey, the eastern half, settled largely from New England, was like in conditions and close in touch with New York, while the western half, peopled considerably by Quakers, had a much smaller proportion of negroes and was in sentiment akin to Pennsylvania.  As was generally the case in such contrast of circumstances, that portion of the province which faced the greater problem of control determined the legislation for the whole.  New Jersey, indeed, borrowed the New York slave code in all essentials.  The administration of the law, furthermore, was about as it was in New York, in the eastern counties at least.  An alleged conspiracy near Somerville in 1734 while it cost the reputed ringleader his life, cost his supposed colleagues their ears only.  On the other hand sentences to burning at the stake were more frequent as punishment for ordinary crimes; and on such occasions the citizens of the neighborhood turned honest shillings by providing faggots for the fire.  For the western counties the published annals concerning slavery are brief wellnigh to blankness.[37]

[Footnote 37:  H.S.  Cooley, A Study of Slavery in New Jersey (Johns Hopkins University Studios, XIV, nos. 9, 10, Baltimore, 1896).]

Pennsylvania’s place in the colonial slaveholding sisterhood was a little unusual in that negroes formed a smaller proportion of the population than her location between New York and Maryland might well have warranted.  This was due not to her laws nor to the type of her industry but to the disrelish of slaveholding felt by many of her Quaker and German inhabitants and to the greater abundance of white immigrant labor whether wage-earning or indentured.  Negroes were present in the region before Penn’s colony was founded.  The new government recognized slavery as already instituted.  Penn himself acquired a few slaves; and in the first quarter of the eighteenth century the assembly legislated much as New York was doing, though somewhat more mildly, for the fuller control of the negroes both slave and free.  The number of blacks and mulattoes reached at the middle of the century about eleven thousand, the great majority of them slaves.  They were most numerous, of course, in the older counties which lay in the southeastern corner of the province, and particularly in the city of Philadelphia.  Occasional owners had as many as twenty or thirty slaves, employed either on country estates or in iron-works, but the typical holding was on a petty scale.  There were no slave insurrections in the colony, no plots of any moment, and no panics of dread.  The police was apparently