of the island appear again and again in diplomatic correspondence and in presidential messages.  The platform of the Republican party, adopted at the national convention in St. Louis, on June 18, 1896, contained the following:  “From the hour of achieving their own independence, the people of the United States have regarded with sympathy the struggles of other American peoples to free themselves from European domination.  We watch with deep and abiding interest the heroic battle of the Cuban patriots against cruelty and oppression, and our best hopes go out for the full success of their determined contest for liberty.  The Government of Spain having lost control of Cuba and being unable to protect the property or lives of resident American citizens, or to comply with its treaty obligations, we believe that the Government of the United States should actively use its influence and good offices to restore peace and give independence to the island.”  The Democratic party platform of the same year stated that “we extend our sympathy to the people of Cuba in their heroic struggle for liberty and independence.”  The platform of the People’s party likewise expressed sympathy, and declared the belief that the time had come when “the United States should recognize that Cuba is and of right ought to be a free and independent State.”  This may be regarded as the almost unanimous opinion of the people of this country at that time.  In 1896 and 1897 many resolutions were introduced in the Congress urging action for the recognition of Cuban independence.  There was frequent and prolonged debate on the question, but no final action was taken.  In his message of December, 1897, President McKinley said:  “Of the untried measures (regarding Cuba) there remain only:  Recognition of the insurgents as belligerents; recognition of the independence of Cuba; neutral intervention to end the war by imposing a rational compromise between the contestants; and intervention in favor of one or the other party.  I speak not of forcible annexation, for that cannot be thought of.  That, by our code of morality, would be criminal aggression.”

[Illustration:  COUNTRY ROAD Havana Province]

Recognition of the Cubans as belligerents would have effected a radical change in the situation.  It would have given the Cubans the right to buy in the American market the arms and supplies that they could then only obtain surreptitiously, that they could only ship by “filibustering expeditions,” by blockade-runners.  In law, the propriety of granting belligerent rights depends upon the establishment of certain facts, upon the proof of the existence of certain conditions.  Those conditions did then exist in Cuba.  An unanswerable argument was submitted by Horatio S. Rubens, Esq., the able counsel of the Cuban junta in New York.  The Cubans never asked for intervention by the United States; they did, with full justification, ask for recognition as belligerents.  The consent of this country was