vast dominion in the western world.  My own impression is that most of its history has already been written, that it will have no important future.  As a port of shipment, I think it must yield to the new port, Nipe Bay, on the north coast.  It is merely a bit of commercial logic, the question of a sixty-mile rail-haul as compared with a voyage around the end of the island.  Santiago will not be wiped from the map, but I doubt its long continuance as the leading commercial centre of eastern Cuba.  It is also a fairly safe prediction that the same laws of commercial logic will some day operate to drain northward the products of the fertile valley of the Cauto, and the region behind old Manzanillo and around the still older Bayamo.

[Illustration:  COBRE Oriente Province]

Except the places earlier mentioned, Jucaro, Trinidad and Cienfuegos, there are no southern ports to the west until Batabano is reached, immediately south of, and only a few miles from, the city of Havana.  It is a shallow harbor, of no commercial importance.  It serves mainly as the centre of a sponge-fishing industry, and as a point of departure for the Isle of Pines, and for ports on the south coast.  The Isle of Pines is of interest for a number of reasons, among which are its history, its mineral springs, its delightful climate, and an American colony that has made much trouble in Washington.  Columbus landed there in 1494, and gave it the name La Evangelista.  It lies about sixty miles off the coast, almost due south from Havana.  Between the island and the mainland lies a labyrinth of islets and keys, many of them verdure-clad.  Its area is officially given as 1,180 square miles.  There seems no doubt that, at some earlier time, it formed a part of the main island, with which it compares in geologic structure and configuration.  It is now, in effect, two islands connected by a marsh; the northern part being broken and hilly, and the southern part low, flat, and sandy, probably a comparatively recently reclaimed coralline plain.  The island has been, at various times, the headquarters of bands of pirates, a military hospital, a penal institution, and a source of political trouble.  It is now a Cuban island the larger part of which is owned by Americans.  It is a part of the province of Havana, and will probably so remain as long as Cuba is Cuba.  My personal investigations of the disputed question of the political ownership of the island began early in 1899.  I then reached a conclusion from which I have not since seen any reason to depart.  The island was then, had always been, and is now, as much a part of Cuba as Long Island and Key West have been and are parts of the United States.