The Armenian merchants were loud in their complaints.  An Armenian ship, bound from Goa to Madras, with twenty thousand pagodas on board, was taken by a pirate ship of two hundred tons, carrying twenty-two guns and a crew of sixty men.  Another Armenian ship, with fifty thousand xeraphims, was taken near Bombay, on its voyage from Goa to Surat.  Besides those that beset the Malabar coast, there were pirates in the Persian Gulf, at the mouth of the Red Sea, and in the Mozambique Channel, while five pirate vessels were cruising off Acheen.  During the next ten years the losses caused by the pirates were prodigious.

Ovington mentions that at St. Helena (1689) they were told, by a slaver, of three pirates, two English and the other Dutch, so richly laden with booty that they could hardly navigate their ships, which had become weather-beaten and unseaworthy from their long cruises off the Red Sea mouth.  Their worn-out canvas sails were replaced with double silk.

“They were prodigal in the expences of their unjust gain, and quenched their thirst with Europe liquor at any rate this Commander (the slaver) would put upon it; and were so frank both in distributing their goods, and guzzling down the noble wine, as if they were both wearied with the possession of their rapine, and willing to stifle all the melancholy reflections concerning it.”

Such an account was bound to fire the imagination of every seaman who heard it.

The number of pirates was increased by the interlopers, merchant adventurers trading without a licence, who, like John Hand, when they failed to get cargoes, plundered native ships.  Their proceedings were imitated by the permission ships, vessels that held the Company’s licence for a single voyage.  Not seldom the crews of interlopers and permission ships rose and seized the vessel against the will of their owners and commanders and hoisted the Jolly Roger.  Commissions were granted to the East India Company’s commanders to seize interlopers; but the interlopers, as a rule, were remarkably well able to take care of themselves.  As pirates and interlopers alike sailed under English colours, the whole odium fell on the English.  In August, 1691, a ship belonging to the wealthy merchant, Abdul Guffoor, was taken at the mouth of the Surat river, with nine lakhs in hard cash on board.  A guard was placed on the factory at Surat, and an embargo laid on English trade.  As the pirate had shown the colours of several nationalities, the authorities were loth to proceed to extremities.  Fortunately for the English Company, a member of the pirate crew was captured, and proved to be a Dane; so the embargo on English trade was taken off.