4. ---------------------------      4. (a) State secretariat
(1) Central secretariat
(2) Secretariat of the Crown
(3) Secretariat of the Palace
and imperial historical
commission
(b) Emperor’s Secretariat
(1) Private Archives
(2) Court Adjutants’ Office
(3) Harem administration

5.  Court administration 5.  Court administration
(Ministries) (Ministries)
(1) Ministry for state (1) Ministry for state
sacrifices sacrifices
(2) Ministry for imperial (2) Ministry for imperial
coaches and horses coaches and horses
(3) Ministry for justice at (3) Ministry for justice at
court court
(4) Ministry for receptions (4) Ministry for receptions
(i.e. foreign affairs)
(5) Ministry for ancestors’ (5) Ministry for ancestors’
temples temples
(6) Ministry for supplies to (6) Ministry for supplies to
the court the court
(7) Ministry for the harem (7) Economic and financial
Ministry
(8) Ministry for the palace (8) Ministry for the payment
guards of salaries
(9) Ministry for the court (9) Ministry for armament
(state secretariat) and magazines

6.  Administration of the 6.  Administration of the
capital:  capital: 
(1) Crown prince’s palace (1) Crown prince’s palace
(2) Security service for the (2) Palace guards and guards’
capital office
(3) Capital administration:  (3) Arms production department
(a) Guards of the capital
(b) Guards of the city gates
(c) Building department
(4) Labour service department
(5) Building department
(6) Transport department
(7) Department for education
(of sons of officials!)

7.  Ministry of the Interior          7.  Ministry of the Interior
(Provincial administration)              (Provincial administration)

8.  Foreign Ministry                  8. ---------------------------

9.  Censorship (Audit council)

There is no denying that according to our standard this whole system was still elementary and “personal”, that is to say, attached to the emperor’s person—­though it should not be overlooked that we ourselves are not yet far from a similar phase of development.  To this day the titles of not a few of the highest officers of state—­the Lord Privy Seal, for instance—­recall that in the past their offices were conceived as concerned purely with the personal service of the monarch.  In one point, however, the Han administrative set-up was quite modern:  it already had a clear separation between the emperor’s private treasury and the state treasury; laws determined which of the two received certain taxes and which had to make certain payments.  This separation, which in Europe occurred not until the late Middle Ages, in China was abolished at the end of the Han Dynasty.