[Illustration:  ORIGINAL BOUNDARY OF MARYLAND]

The area of the colony was not large; but the authority of Lord Baltimore over it was almost boundless.  He was to bring to the King each year, in token of homage, two Indian arrowheads, and pay as rent one fifth of all the gold and silver mined.  This done, the “lord proprietary,” as he was called, was to all intents and purposes a king.  He might coin money, make war and peace, grant titles of nobility, establish courts, appoint judges, and pardon criminals; but he was not permitted to tax his people without their consent.  He must summon the freemen to assist him in making the laws; but when made, they need not be sent to the King for approval, but went into force as soon as the lord proprietary signed them.  Of course they must not be contrary to the laws of England.

%26.  Treatment of Catholics.%—­The deed for Maryland had not been issued when Lord Baltimore died.  It was therefore made out in the name of his son, Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, who, like the first, was a Roman Catholic, and was influenced in his attempts at colonization by a desire to found a refuge for people of his own faith.  At that time in England no Roman Catholic was permitted to educate his children in a foreign land, or to employ a schoolmaster of his religious belief; or keep a weapon; or have Catholic books in his house; or sit in Parliament; or when he died be buried in a parish churchyard.  If he did not attend the parish church, he was fined L20 a month.  But it is needless to mention the ways in which he suffered for his religion.  It is enough to know that the persecution was bitter, and that the purpose of Lord Baltimore was to make Maryland a Roman Catholic colony.  Yet he set a noble example to other founders of colonies by freely granting to all sects full freedom of conscience.  As long as the Catholics remained in control, toleration worked well.  But in the year 1691 Lord Baltimore was deprived of his colony because he had supported King James II., and in 1692 sharp laws were made in Maryland against Catholics by the Protestants.  In 1716 the colony was restored to the proprietor.

The first settlement was made in 1634 at St. Marys.  Annapolis was founded about 1683; and Baltimore in 1729.[1]

[Footnote 1:  Read Scharf’s History of Maryland; Doyle’s Virginia; Lodge’s English Colonies; Eggleston’s Beginners of a Nation,.]

%27.  The Dutch on the Hudson.%—­Meantime great things had been happening to the northward.  In 1609 Henry Hudson, an English sailor in the service of Holland, was sent to find a northwest passage to India.  He reached our coast not far from Portland, Maine, and abandoning all idea of finding a passage, he sailed alongshore to the southward as far as Cape Cod.  Here he put to sea, and when he again sighted land was off Delaware Bay.  In attempting to sail up it, his ship, the Half-Moon, grounded, and