The influence of Lotze has also been considerable (B.P.  Bowne in Boston).  Sympathy with German speculation, however, has not destroyed the naturally close connection with the work of writers who use the English tongue.  Thus Spencer’s writings have had a wide currency, and his system numbers many disciples, though these are less numerous among students of philosophy by profession (John Fiske, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, 1874).

[Footnote 1:  Cf.  Porter, op. cit.]

In the latest decades the broadening of the national life, the increasing acquaintance with foreign thought, and the rapid development of university work have greatly enlarged and deepened the interest in philosophical pursuits.  This is manifested most clearly in the field of psychology, including especially the “new” or “physiological” psychology, and the history of philosophy, though indications of pregnant thought in other departments, as ethics and the philosophy of religion, and even of independent construction, are not wanting.  Among psychologists of the day we may mention G.S.  Hall, editor of The American Journal of Psychology (1887 seq.), G.T.  Ladd (Elements of Physiological Psychology, 1887), and William James (Principles of Psychology, 1890). The International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia, 1890 seq.), edited by S. Burns Weston, is “devoted to the advancement of ethical knowledge and practice”; among the foreign members of its editorial committee are Jodl and Von Gizycki.  The weekly journal of popular philosophy, The Open Court, published in Chicago, has for its object the reconciliation of religion and science; the quarterly, The Monist (1890 seq.), published by the same company under the direction of Paul Carus (The Soul of Man, 1891), the establishment of a monistic view of the world.  Several journals, among them the Educational Review (1891 seq., edited by N.M.  Butler), point to a growing interest in pedagogical inquiry. The American Philosophical Review (1892 seq., edited by J.G.  Schurman, The Ethical Import of Darwinism, 1887) is a comprehensive exponent of American philosophic thought.

%4.  Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland.%

In Sweden an empirical period represented by Leopold (died 1829) and Th.  Thorild (died 1808), and based upon Locke and Rousseau, was followed, after the introduction of Kant by D. Boethius, 1794, by a drift toward idealism.  This was represented in an extreme form by B. Hoeijer (died 1812), a contemporary and admirer of Fichte, who defended the right of philosophical construction, and more moderately by Christofer Jacob Boestrom (1797-1866), the most important systematic thinker of his country.  As predecessors of Boestrom we may mention Biberg (died 1827), E.G.  Geijer (died 1846), and S. Grubbe (died 1853), like him professors in Upsala, and of his pupils, S. Ribbing, known in Germany by his peculiar conception of the Platonic doctrine of ideas (German translation, 1863-64), the moralist Sahlin (1877), the historian, of Swedish philosophy[1] (1873 seq.) A. Nyblaeus of Lund, and H. Edfeldt of Upsala, the editor of Boestrom’s works (1883).