Maine 1,356 144 137 281 77 58 135 Maryland 74,723 886 730 1,616 9,422 11,640 21,062 Massachusetts 9,064 726 713 1,439 375 431 806 Michigan 2,583 106 101 207 201 168 369 Mississippi 930 0 0 0 75 48 123 Missouri 2,618 23 17 40 271 226 497 New Hampshire 520 41 32 73 26 26 52 New Jersey 23,810 1,243 1,083 2,326 2,167 2,250 4,417 New York 49,069 2,840 2,607 5,447 3,387 4,042 7,429 North Carolina 27,463 113 104 217 3,099 3,758 6,857 Ohio 25,279 1,321 1,210 2,531 2,366 2,624 4,990 Pennsylvania 53,626 3,385 3,114 6,499 4,115 5,229 9,344** [** was 6,344 in error.**] Rhode Island 3,670 304 247 551 130 137 267 South Carolina 8,960 54 26 80 421 459 880 Tennessee 6,422 40 30 70 506 591 1,097 Texas 397 11 9 20 34 24 58 Vermont 718 58 32 90 32 19 51 Virginia 54,333 37 27 64 5,141 6,374 11,515 Wisconsin 635 32 35 67 55 37 92 District of Columbia 10,059 232 235 467 1,106 2,108 3,214 Minnesota 30 0 2 2 0 0 0 New Mexico 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oregon 24 2 0 2 3 2 5 Utah 22 0 0 0 1 0 1

  Total 434,495 13,864 12,597 26,461 40,722 49,800 90,522

  See Sixth Census of the United States, 1850.]

[Footnote 2:  See statistics on pages 237-240.]

The report on illiteracy shows further the differences resulting from the divergent educational policies of the two sections.  In 1850 there were in the slave States 58,444 adult free Negroes who could not read, and in 1860 this number had reached 59,832.  In all such commonwealths except Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, and Mississippi there was an increase in illiteracy among the free blacks.  These States, however, were hardly exceptional, because Arkansas and Mississippi had suffered a decrease in their free colored population, that of Florida had remained the same, and the difference in the case of Louisiana was very slight.  The statistics of the Northern States indicate just the opposite trend.  Notwithstanding the increase of persons of color resulting from the influx of the migrating element, there was in all free States exclusive of California, Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania a decrease in the illiteracy of Negroes.  But these States hardly constitute exceptions; for California, Wisconsin, and Minnesota had very few colored inhabitants in 1850, and the others had during this decade received so many fugitives in the rough that race prejudice and its concomitant drastic legislation impeded the educational progress of their transplanted freedmen.[1] In the Northern States where this condition did not obtain, the benevolent whites had, in cooeperation with the Negroes, done much to reduce illiteracy among them during these years.