The democratic evolution of the last forty years had established popular government politically, but socially speaking had only brought about the rule of mediocrity.  Artists of the higher class at first opposed this levelling down of intelligence,—­but feeling themselves too weak to resist they had withdrawn to a distance, emphasising their disdain and their isolation.  They preached a sort of art, acceptable only to the initiated.  There is nothing finer than such a retreat when one brings to it wealth of consciousness, abundance of feeling and an outpouring soul, but the literary groups of the end of the XIXth century were far removed from those fertile hermitages where robust thoughts were concentrated.  They cared much more to economise their little store of intelligence than to renew it.  In order to purify it they had withdrawn it from circulation.  The result was that it ceased to be perceived.  The common life passed on its way without bothering its head further, leaving the artist caste to wither in a make-believe refinement.  The violent storms at the time of the excitement about the Dreyfus Case did rouse some minds from this torpor, but when they came out of their orchid-house the fresh air turned their heads and they threw themselves into the great passing movement with the same exaggeration that their predecessors had shown in withdrawing from it.  They believed that salvation was in the people, that in them was virtue, even all good, and though they were often thwarted in their efforts to get closer to them, they set flowing a current in the thought of Europe.  They were proud to call themselves the exponents of the collective soul, but they were not victors but vanquished; the collective soul made breaches in their ivory tower, the feeble personalities of these thinkers yielded, and to hide their abdication from themselves, they declared it voluntary.  In the effort to convince themselves, philosophers and aesthetics forged theories to prove that the great directing principle was to abandon oneself to the stream of a united life instead of directing it, or more modestly following one’s own little path in peace.  It was a matter of pride to be no longer oneself, to be no longer free to reason, for freedom was an old story in these democracies.  One gloried to be a bubble tossed on the flood,—­some said of the race and others of the universal life.  These fine theories, from which men of talent managed to extract receipts for art and thought, were in full flower in 1914.  The heart of the simple Clerambault rejoiced in such visions, for nothing could have harmonised better with his warm heart and inaccurate mind.  If one has but little self-possession it is easy to give oneself up to others, to the world, to that indefinable Providential Force on whose shoulders we can throw the burden of thought and will.  The great current swept on and these indolent souls, instead of pursuing their way along the bank found it easier to let themselves be carried ...Where?  No one took the trouble to ask.  Safe in their West, it never occurred to them that their civilisation could lose the advantages gained; the march of progress seemed as inevitable as the rotation of the earth.  Firm in this conviction, one could fold one’s arms and leave all to nature; who meanwhile was waiting for them at the bottom of the pit that she was digging.