1648 Jan.  The Treaty of Munster. 
     Oct.  The Treaty of Westphalia.
1713 April.  The Treaty of Utrecht. 1772 First Partition of Poland. 1783 William of Nassau becomes Grand Duke of Luxemburg. 1788 July.  The Triple Alliance of England, Holland, and Prussia. 1789 The French Revolution begins. 1792 Nov. 6.  Battle of Jemappes.  French Conquest of the Austrian
     Netherlands and Liege. 
     Nov. 19.  French decree offering ‘freedom to all nations’. 
     Dec. 15.  Compulsory freedom declared.
1793 Jan.  Second Partition of Poland. 
     Feb. 1.  Declaration of War by France against England and Holland.
1795 Third Partition of Poland. 1801 Feb. 9.  The Treaty of Luneville.  France guarantees the
     independence of Holland (then called ’Batavian Republic’).
1802 Mar. 27.  The Treaty of Amiens. 1803 Mar. 13.  Napoleon’s famous interview with Lord Whitworth. 
     May 12.  Declaration of War by England against France.
1814 Mar. 1.  The Treaty of Chaumont. 
     May 30.  The First Peace of Paris. 
     Sept. 29.  Opening of the Congress of Vienna.
1815 Mar-June.  The Hundred Days. 
     May 31.  Belgium and Luxemburg placed under the Prince of Orange as
     King of the United Netherlands. 
     Nov. 20.  The Second Peace of Paris.
1830 Revolutions in France (July) and in Belgium (Aug.). 1830-1878 Servia autonomous. 1831 Nov. 15.  Independence and Neutrality of Belgium guaranteed by
     England, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia.
1839 April 19.  Final recognition of the Independence and Neutrality of
     Belgium by the above-named Powers.
1867 May 11.  European guarantee of the Neutrality of Luxemburg. 
     Declaration by Lord Stanley and Lord Clarendon.
1870 Aug. 9.  Independence and Neutrality of Belgium again guaranteed
     by Germany and France.
1871 May 10.  The Treaty of Frankfort. 1872 The Dreikaiserbund; Alliance of Russia, Germany, and
     Austria.
1875 Threatened attack on France by Germany prevented by
     Russia and England.
1878 The Treaty of Berlin. 
     Proclamation of Servian Independence under King Milan.
1879 Secret Treaty between Germany and Austria. 1883 Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy. 1885 Formation of United Bulgaria. 
     War between Bulgaria and Servia.
1886 Peace between Bulgaria and Servia. 1890 Fall of Bismarck.  Cession of Heligoland to Germany. 1891 Beginning of an understanding between Russia and France. 1893 Caprivi’s Army Act. 1896 Germany begins to show aggressive tendencies in the field
     of Colonial Expansion. 
     Treaty between England and France regarding their interests
     in Indo-China. 
     Definite Alliance between Russia and France.
1898 Reconquest of the Sudan. 
     Tsar’s rescript for an International Peace Conference.
1899 Anglo-French Agreement respecting Tripoli. 
     June.  First Peace